Chapter 20 The Heart

Question 1

What is the role of blood transporting dissolved gases, nutrients, and metabolic wastes?

Answer 1

• Blood carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from those tissues back to the lungs
• blood distributes nutrients absorbed by the digestive tract or released from adipose tissue or in the liver
• it caries hormones from endocrine glands to target cells, absorbs metabolic wastes produced by tissue cells to the kidneys for excretion

Question 2

How does blood regulate pH and ion concentrations of interstitial fluids?

Answer 2

Blood eliminates local deficiencies or excess of ions, such as calcium and potassium.

Blood absorbs and neutralizes acids generated by active tissues, such as lactic acidosis produced by skeletal muscles

Question 3

How does blood restrict fluid losses at injury sites?

Answer 3

Blood contains enzymes and other substances hat respond to breaks in vessel walls by initiating the process of clotting

Question 4

How does the blood defend against toxins and pathogens?

Answer 4

By transporting white blood cells and antibodies to help fight infection and foreign invaders

Question 5

How does blood stabilize body temp?

Answer 5

Blood absorbs heat generated by active skeletal muscles and redistributes it to other tissues.

(If body temp is hush it is lost at the surface of the skin, if low, warm blood is directed towards the brain or other temperature sensitive organs)

Question 6

How does blood temp compare to body temp?

Answer 6

Blood temp is about 38 Celsius (100.4 F), slightly above normal body temp.

Question 7

How does the viscosity of blood compare to that of water? (Viscosity meaning: the state of being thick, sticky, or in a semi fluid consistency)

Answer 7

Blood is five times as viscous as water. Or five times as resistant to flow as water. (High viscosity results from interactions amount dissolved proteins, formed elements, and water molecules in plasma)

Question 8

What is the pH of blood?

Answer 8

Blood is slightly alkaline, with a pH of 7.35 and 7.45 (AVERAGE 7.4)

Question 9

What is whole blood?

Answer 9

Refers to the combination of plasma and formed elements together

Question 10

What is plasma?

Answer 10

The matrix of blood that makes up about 46-63% of the volume of whole blood.

Plasma proteins 7%
Other solutes 1%
Water 92%

Question 11

What are formed elements?

Answer 11

Blood cells and cell fragments suspended in plasma

< .1% platelets

Question 12

What is serum?

Answer 12

an amber-colored, protein-rich liquid that separates out when blood coagulates.

Question 13

What is hematocrit?

Answer 13

The percentage of whole blood volume contributed by formed elements.

Normal hematocrit
Males 46
Females 42

The sex difference primarily reflects the fact that androgens stimulates red blood cell production whereas estrogens do not

Question 14

What is the function albumins? (Plasma proteins)

Answer 14

Most abundant, major contributors to the osmotic pressure of plasma

Question 15

What is the functions of globulins? (Plasma proteins)

Answer 15

Account for 35% of proteins in plasma.

They include antibodies (immunoglobulins) and globulins. They attack foreign proteins and pathogens. Transport globulins bind to small ions, hormones and other compounds

Question 16

What is the functions of fibrinogens? (Plasma protein)

Answer 16

Form basic framework for blood clots under the right conditions

Question 17

What are organic nutrients?

Answer 17

The nutrients are used for ATP production, growth, and maintenance of cells.
Includes: lipids, carbohydrates, and amino acids

Question 18

What are electrolytes in blood?

Answer 18

Normal extracellular ion composition is essential for vital cellular activities.

Major plasma electrolytes: Na+, K+, Ca2+,Mg2+, Cl-, HCO3-, HPO4-, and SO42-

Question 19

What are organic wastes in blood?

Answer 19

Waste products are carried to the sites of breakdown or excretion.

Examples: urea, Uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin, and ammonium ions

Question 20

How does the unusual shape of RBCs affect gas exchange and movement of red blood cells through capillaries?

Answer 20

• Large surface area-to-volume ratio (greater the surface area, the faster gas exchange occurs)
• Enabling RBCs to form stacks, like dinner plates, that smooth the flow through narrow blood vessels
• enabling RBCs to bend and flex when entering small capillaries and branches

Question 21

What is oxyhemoglobin?

Answer 21

Bright red in color

Iron is bound to oxygen

Question 22

What is deoxyhemoglobin?

Answer 22

Dark red in color

Does not carry iron ion

Question 23

What is carbaminohemoglobin?

Answer 23

Alpha and beta chains of hemoglobin blinded to carbon dioxide

Question 24

What is the average lifespan of RBC?

Answer 24

120 days

Question 25

How to RBCs differ from other cells in the body?

Answer 25

A red blood cells shape is like a binconcave disc with a thin central region and a thicker outer margin that helps them move through the narrowest blood vessels

Question 26

What is hemoglobinuria?

Answer 26

When abnormally large amount of RBCs breakdown in the blood stream urine turns red or brown

Question 27

What is biliverdin?

Answer 27

An organic compound, green in color

Bad bruise commonly develop a greenish tint due to biliverdin formation in blood filled tissues

Question 28

What is bilirubin?

Answer 28

Biliverdin coverts to bilirubin

It’s an orange-yellow pigment released into the bloodstream. There bilirubin binds to albumin and is transported to the liver for excretion in bile

Think: (bilirubin-bile)

Question 29

What causes jaundice?

Answer 29

When bile ducts are blocked or the liver can not absorb or excrete bilirubin, the bilirubin then diffuses into peripheral tissues giving them a yellow color, most apparent on the skin

Question 30

What are urobilins and stercobilins?

Answer 30

Pigments in the large intestine that when exposed to oxygen turn into urobilins and stercobilins

Question 31

What is erythropoiesis?

Answer 31

RBC formation

Question 32

What are the surface antigens and antibodies of all the blood types?

Answer 32

Type A- A antigens, b antibodies

Type B- B antigens, a antibodies

Type AB- both antigens, no antibodies

Type O- no antigens, both antibodies

Question 33

What is Rh

Answer 33

If you have the Rh antigen you are Rh+

(So if your blood type is A with an Rh antigen you are A+)

If you are without the Rh antigen you are Rh-

(So if you are type O without an Rh antigen you are O-)

Question 34

What is transferrin?

Answer 34

A plasma protein that is used to synthesize new hemoglobin molecules

Question 35

What is ferritin and hemosiderin?

Answer 35

Two special iron-protein complexes where iron is stored

Question 36

What is erythropoietin?

Answer 36

The erythropoiesis stimulation hormone (EPO) a glycoproteins formed by the kidneys and liver

Question 37

What are neutrophils?

Answer 37

First white blood cells to arrive at the site of injury. Very active cells specializing in attacking and digesting bacteria.

Think: neutralizing

Question 38

What are eosinophils?

Answer 38

White blood cells that attack objects that are “antibody-marked”

Think: antibody eosin

Question 39

What are basophils?

Answer 39

Basophils migrate to injury sites and cross the capillary endothelium to accumulate in damaged tissues

Their granules contain histamine: which dilates blood vessels and heparin: which prevents blood clotting

They help to increase local inflammation

Think: baso= inflammation and the Two H’s

Question 40

What are monocytes?

Answer 40

Released into the blood stream 24 hours before entering peripheral tissues where it then becomes a macrophage. Macrophages then engulf items as large as or larger than themselves