Chapter 20 The Heart Flashcards
What is the role of blood transporting dissolved gases, nutrients, and metabolic wastes?
- Blood carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from those tissues back to the lungs
- blood distributes nutrients absorbed by the digestive tract or released from adipose tissue or in the liver
- it caries hormones from endocrine glands to target cells, absorbs metabolic wastes produced by tissue cells to the kidneys for excretion
How does blood regulate pH and ion concentrations of interstitial fluids?
Blood eliminates local deficiencies or excess of ions, such as calcium and potassium.
Blood absorbs and neutralizes acids generated by active tissues, such as lactic acidosis produced by skeletal muscles
How does blood restrict fluid losses at injury sites?
Blood contains enzymes and other substances hat respond to breaks in vessel walls by initiating the process of clotting
How does the blood defend against toxins and pathogens?
By transporting white blood cells and antibodies to help fight infection and foreign invaders
How does blood stabilize body temp?
Blood absorbs heat generated by active skeletal muscles and redistributes it to other tissues.
(If body temp is hush it is lost at the surface of the skin, if low, warm blood is directed towards the brain or other temperature sensitive organs)
How does blood temp compare to body temp?
Blood temp is about 38 Celsius (100.4 F), slightly above normal body temp.
How does the viscosity of blood compare to that of water? (Viscosity meaning: the state of being thick, sticky, or in a semi fluid consistency)
Blood is five times as viscous as water. Or five times as resistant to flow as water. (High viscosity results from interactions amount dissolved proteins, formed elements, and water molecules in plasma)
What is the pH of blood?
Blood is slightly alkaline, with a pH of 7.35 and 7.45 (AVERAGE 7.4)
What is whole blood?
Refers to the combination of plasma and formed elements together
What is plasma?
The matrix of blood that makes up about 46-63% of the volume of whole blood.
Plasma proteins 7%
Other solutes 1%
Water 92%
What are formed elements?
Blood cells and cell fragments suspended in plasma
< .1% platelets
What is serum?
an amber-colored, protein-rich liquid that separates out when blood coagulates.
What is hematocrit?
The percentage of whole blood volume contributed by formed elements.
Normal hematocrit
Males 46
Females 42
The sex difference primarily reflects the fact that androgens stimulates red blood cell production whereas estrogens do not
What is the function albumins? (Plasma proteins)
Most abundant, major contributors to the osmotic pressure of plasma
What is the functions of globulins? (Plasma proteins)
Account for 35% of proteins in plasma.
They include antibodies (immunoglobulins) and globulins. They attack foreign proteins and pathogens. Transport globulins bind to small ions, hormones and other compounds
What is the functions of fibrinogens? (Plasma protein)
Form basic framework for blood clots under the right conditions
What are organic nutrients?
The nutrients are used for ATP production, growth, and maintenance of cells.
Includes: lipids, carbohydrates, and amino acids
What are electrolytes in blood?
Normal extracellular ion composition is essential for vital cellular activities.
Major plasma electrolytes: Na+, K+, Ca2+,Mg2+, Cl-, HCO3-, HPO4-, and SO42-
What are organic wastes in blood?
Waste products are carried to the sites of breakdown or excretion.
Examples: urea, Uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin, and ammonium ions
How does the unusual shape of RBCs affect gas exchange and movement of red blood cells through capillaries?
- Large surface area-to-volume ratio (greater the surface area, the faster gas exchange occurs)
- Enabling RBCs to form stacks, like dinner plates, that smooth the flow through narrow blood vessels
- enabling RBCs to bend and flex when entering small capillaries and branches
What is oxyhemoglobin?
Bright red in color
Iron is bound to oxygen
What is deoxyhemoglobin?
Dark red in color
Does not carry iron ion
What is carbaminohemoglobin?
Alpha and beta chains of hemoglobin blinded to carbon dioxide
What is the average lifespan of RBC?
120 days
How to RBCs differ from other cells in the body?
A red blood cells shape is like a binconcave disc with a thin central region and a thicker outer margin that helps them move through the narrowest blood vessels
What is hemoglobinuria?
When abnormally large amount of RBCs breakdown in the blood stream urine turns red or brown
What is biliverdin?
An organic compound, green in color
Bad bruise commonly develop a greenish tint due to biliverdin formation in blood filled tissues
What is bilirubin?
Biliverdin coverts to bilirubin
It’s an orange-yellow pigment released into the bloodstream. There bilirubin binds to albumin and is transported to the liver for excretion in bile
Think: (bilirubin-bile)
What causes jaundice?
When bile ducts are blocked or the liver can not absorb or excrete bilirubin, the bilirubin then diffuses into peripheral tissues giving them a yellow color, most apparent on the skin
What are urobilins and stercobilins?
Pigments in the large intestine that when exposed to oxygen turn into urobilins and stercobilins
What is erythropoiesis?
RBC formation
What are the surface antigens and antibodies of all the blood types?
Type A- A antigens, b antibodies
Type B- B antigens, a antibodies
Type AB- both antigens, no antibodies
Type O- no antigens, both antibodies
What is Rh
If you have the Rh antigen you are Rh+
(So if your blood type is A with an Rh antigen you are A+)
If you are without the Rh antigen you are Rh-
(So if you are type O without an Rh antigen you are O-)
What is transferrin?
A plasma protein that is used to synthesize new hemoglobin molecules
What is ferritin and hemosiderin?
Two special iron-protein complexes where iron is stored
What is erythropoietin?
The erythropoiesis stimulation hormone (EPO) a glycoproteins formed by the kidneys and liver
What are neutrophils?
First white blood cells to arrive at the site of injury. Very active cells specializing in attacking and digesting bacteria.
Think: neutralizing
What are eosinophils?
White blood cells that attack objects that are “antibody-marked”
Think: antibody eosin
What are basophils?
Basophils migrate to injury sites and cross the capillary endothelium to accumulate in damaged tissues
Their granules contain histamine: which dilates blood vessels and heparin: which prevents blood clotting
They help to increase local inflammation
Think: baso= inflammation and the Two H’s
What are monocytes?
Released into the blood stream 24 hours before entering peripheral tissues where it then becomes a macrophage. Macrophages then engulf items as large as or larger than themselves
