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Pathophysiology > Chapter - 20 Structure and Function Of The Hematologic System > Flashcards

Chapter - 20 Structure and Function Of The Hematologic System Flashcards

1
Q

Chief function of blood

A
  • Delivery of substances needed for cellular metabolism
  • Removal of wastes
  • Defense against microorganism and injury
  • Maintenance of acid-base balance
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2
Q

Composition of blood

A

•Body contains 6 quarts of blood

 * Plasma
 * Plasma proteins 
 * Cells
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3
Q

Plasma

A
  • Fluid component
  • 90% water and 10 % solutes
  • Organic and inorganic
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4
Q

Plasma proteins

A

•Produced in the liver

 * Albumins (most abundant)
      * Function as carriers and control the plasma oncotic pressure 

 * Globulins
      * Carrier proteins and immunoglobulins (antibodies)

 * Clotting factors 
      * Mainly fibrinogen
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5
Q

Cells (Formed elements)

A
  • Erythrocytes (Red blood cells)
  • Leukocytes (white blood cells)
  • Thrombocytes (platelets)
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6
Q

Erythrocytes (Red blood cells)

A
  • Most abundant cells of the blood
    • primarily responsible for tissue oxygenation
    • Bioconcavity and reversible deformity
      • lacks nucleus
    •limited life span (80 to 120 days)
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7
Q

Leukocytes (White blood cells)

A

•Defend the body against organisms that cause infection and also remove debris, including dead or injured host cells of all kinds

  • Granulocytes
    • Granules in cytoplasm contain enzymes
    • Inflammatory and immune functions

•Agranulocytes

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8
Q

Granulocytes

A

mnemonic - BEN

  • Neutrophils
    • Phagocytes in early inflammation
  • Eosinophils
    • Eosinophils ingest antigen-antibody complexes
    • Induced by IgE hypersensitivity
    • Immune fighting in parasitic infections
  • Basophils
    • Central cell in inflammation
    • Basophils = in blood
    • Mast cells = vascularized connective tissue (not WBC)
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9
Q

Agranulocytes

A

are known as mononuclear leukocytes, are white blood cells with a one-lobed nucleus. They are characterized by the absence of granules in their cytoplasm.

*Monocytes and macrophages make up the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)

  • Lymphocytes
    • T cells - maturated in the thymus
    • B cells - produce antibodies
      * immature B cells are produced in the bone marrow and migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues where some develop into mature B cells.
    • Natural kill (NK) cells
      • a lymphocyte able to bind to certain tumor cells and virus-infected cells without the stimulation of antigens, and kill them by the insertion of granules containing perforin.
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10
Q

Thrombocytes (Platelets)

A

A platelet. Crucial to normal blood clotting. Although platelets are sometimes classed as blood cells, they are not. They are fragments of a large cell called a megakaryocyte (literally, a large cell).

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11
Q

Thrombopoietin

A

a hormone that regulates blood platelet production by promoting the proliferation and maturation of megakaryocyte progenitor cells and the development of megakaryocytes into blood platelets

 *The Liver is the major producer of Thrombopoietin in the human body.
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12
Q

Spleen

A
  • The largest secondary lymphoid organ
    • Masses of lymphoid tissue containing macrophages, T cells, B cells
    • Phagocytosis of old, damaged, and dead blood cells
    • blood storage
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13
Q

Lymph nodes

A

A small bean-shaped structure that is part of the body’s immune system and hematologic system

  • Facilitates maturation of lymphocytes
  • Transports lymphatic fluid back to the circulation
  • Cleanses the lymphatic fluid of microorganisms and foreign particles
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14
Q

Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS)

A
  • The MPS consists of monocytes in blood and mature macrophages in the tissues
  • Cells of the MPS ingest and destroy microorganisms and foreign material
  • The MPS is mostly in the liver and spleen
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15
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

The formation and development of blood cells

*Production in the spleen and liver of the fetus and only in the bone marrow after birth

  • Two stages
    • Mitosis
    • Maturation and differentiation
    • Pluripotent stem cells
      • One of the “cells that are self-replicating, are derived from human embryos or human fetal tissue, and are known to develop into cells and tissues of the three primary germ layers
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16
Q

Bone marrow

A

There are two types of bone marrow:

  •RED or active (hematopoietic), also called myeloid tissue

      * Produces red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
     * Gets its red color from the hemoglobin in the erythroid cells
     * Hematopoietic cells mature and migrate into sinusoids to enter the circulation when they are formed.
     * Highly vascular

•YELLOW or stromal

     * Produces fat, cartilage, and bone
     * Gets its yellow color from the carotenoids in the fat droplets in the high number of fat cells
     * Paucity of vasculature
  • Adult active bone marrow found:
    • Pelvic bones, vertebrae, cranium and mandible, sternum and ribs, humerus and femur
17
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

The production of red blood cells.

  • Erythrocytes are derived from erythroblasts (normoblasts)
  • Maturation is stimulated by erythropoietin
    • Erythropoietin is produced by the kidney

*In each step the quantity of hemoglobin increases and the nucleus decreases in size

18
Q

Regulation of erythropoiesis

A

*Numbers of circulating red cells in healthy individuals remain constant

  • Hypoxia stimulates the production and release of erythropoietin
    • Increase production of RBCs and release from marrow

*The peritubular cells of the kidney produce erythropoietin (EPO)

19
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • Oxygen-carrying protein of the erythrocyte
  • A single erythrocyte contains as many as 300-400 million hemoglobin molecules
  • Two pairs of protein subunits (globins)
    • Each subunit contains iron-protoporphyrin complex (heme)
20
Q

Nutritional requirements for hemoglobin (Hb) synthesis

A

*Proteins / Amino acids

  • Vitamins
    • B12, B6, B2, E, and C; folic acid; pantothenic acid; and niacin
  • Minerals
    • iron and copper

*Folate

21
Q

Destruction of Aged RBCs

A
  • Aged red cells (senescent) are destroyed by macrophages of the MPS
    • Primarily in the spleen
    • The liver takes over if the spleen is non-functioning/ absent
  • Globin chains are broken down into amino acids
  • Porphyrin is reduced to bilirubin, transported to the liver, and secreted in the bile
  • Role of B12 & Folate in RBC life span
22
Q

Leukopoeisis

A
  • Leukocytes arise from stem cells in the bone marrow
  • Granulocytes mature in the bone marrow
  • Agranulocytes are released into the bloodstream before they fully mature
23
Q

Thrombopoeisis

A
  • Endomitosis
    • The megakaryocyte undergoes the nuclear phase of cell division but fails to undergo division
    • The megakaryocyte expands due to the doubling of the DNA and breaks up into fragments
  • Platelet levels are maintained by thrombopoietin
  • Platelets circulate for 10 days before losing their functional capacity
24
Q

Hemostasis

A
  • Hemostasis means to arrest or stop bleeding
  • Requires:
    • Platelets
    • Clotting factors
    • Blood flow and shear forces
    • Endothelial cells
    • Fibrinolysis

Pathophysiology (2 decks)

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