chapter 20 ppt Flashcards
The first name, when a drug developed, is
likely the
chemical name
The simplified version or spin off of the chemical name is called what? Also know as what?
generic name or nonproprietary name
Examples of trade, generic and chemical names?
Trade name Motrin, chemical name ibuprofen
Trade name Tylenol, chemical name acetaminophen
3 ways to classify drugs is?
by name, action, legal classification
_______ : dispensed by licensed pharmacist
_______: not classified as a drug, not controlled by FDA. Ex. Vitamins, dietary sup
Prescription, Nonprescription
Dosage forms:
1. ____: Most Common: Can be enteric coated or
scored. Some may be extended release
2.____: Can be powdered or liquid drug contained
in a gelatin shell
3._____: Used for local or systemic effects. Local,
treat asthma/COPD: systemic, general anesthesia
4._____: Inserted into body orifice (dissolves)
5._____: one or more drugs dissolved in liquid carrier.
Rapidly absorbed. Administered orally or parenterally
6.______: one or more drugs in small
particles are suspended in liquid carrier. Not water soluble should be shaken before given. Suspension should never given administered
intravenously
7._______: Applied to skin surface
and absorbed into the bloodstream. Releases drugs over time. Metals in patch can overheat in MRI and cause burns.
- Tablet
- Capsule
- Inhalation
- Suppository
- Solution
- Suspension
- Transdermal patch
Through the skin
parenterally
enteric coated
coating on tablet that protects stomach
Classifications of drugs:
Drugs that relieve pain without causing loss of consciousness.
Analgesics
2 categories of analgesics
opioids, non-opioids
define opioids, give examples and side effects
narcotics
examples: demerol, morphine
side effects: nausea, vomiting, constipation, dependency
define non-opioids, give examples and side effects
non-narcotic
examples: tylenol(acetaminophen)
side effects: no dependency
classifications of drugs:
Act on CNS to produce loss of sensation.
Anesthetics
2 types of Anesthetics
General and Local
define general Anesthetics and give 2 examples
You are asleep and monitored, inhalation or IV, major surgery, used in old days was ether, more modern is pentothal.
define local anesthetics
block nerve conduction to that part of the body.
Examples: Novacaine, Lidocaine.
classifications of drugs:
Treat anxiety. Act on the CNS- central nervous system to calm the patient.
Antianxiety Agents
give examples of antianxiety agents?
Valium, Versed: pre op drug for anxiety Xanax
classifications of drugs:
Used to treat heart arrhythmia. example: Cordarone
Antiarrhythymics
classifications of drugs:
Used to destroy or inhibit growth of microorganisms.
antibiotic
2 kinds of antibiotics
broad spectrum and narrow spectrum
define broad spectrum antibiotic and give examples
effective against large number of microorganisms.
Example, Z–pack, Cipro
define narrow spectrum antibiotic and give examples
effective against small number of microorganisms.
example: penicillin, erthyromyacin, amoxicilan
classifications of drugs:
Reduce smooth muscle tone, motility of gastrointestinal tract, and secretions of respiratory tract and secretory glands. May cause dry mouth, rapid heartbeat and delirium.
Anticholinergics (anti-spasmatic)
example of anticholinergics
Atropine
Will see on crash carts. inhibit secretions, prevent bradycardia
-Barium enema: glucagon given(keeps intestine from spasms)
classifications of drugs:
Slows down the coagulation time of blood. (inhibit clotting time)
-Prevent thromboembolic disorders
Anticoagulants
examples of an anticoagulant
- Heparin: Used in angiography, so catheter doesn’t collect blood clots on it when placed in vessel. Syringe of heparin on tray, radiologist will shoot some in now and then. Foreign bodies in blood stream tend to collect clots. Watch overdose….can have internal hemorrhage. Heparin is administered intravenously. Should not be administered intramuscular because can cause a hematoma.
- Coumadin: Oral anti-coagulant
Classification of Drugs:
Drugs used to prevent or control seizures…either grand mal or petite mal. (they don’t treat cause of the seizure)
Anticonvulsants
define petit mal
“absence seizures”(brief loss and return of consciousness)
examples of anticonvulsants
Dilantin (Phenytoin) for “generalized
(grand mal) seizures.”
• -Depakote controls “absence seizures”(petit mal)
define grand mal
loss of consciousness and violent muscle contractions
Classification of Drugs:
Treatment of depression. (6-12 wks for effect) is called what?
-Side effects can be nausea, vomiting, interaction with other meds
Antidepressants
define serotonin
makes synapse of the nerves more smooth. Low serotonin levels assoc. with depression
define SSRI and give examples
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors used in treatment of depression and panic disorders
examples: Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, Lexapro
define thromboembolic disorders.
blocking blood vessels due to clot. side effect of anticoagulants
Classification of Drugs:
To control blood sugar levels.
Antidiabetic agents
examples of antidiabetics and side effects
Glyburide (Micronase), glipzide (Glucotrol) and metformin (Glucophage or Glucovance) and Pioglitazone (Actos). Interaction with contrast can cause renal failure.
Classification of Drugs:
Drugs used to prevent and treat nausea and vomiting.(give emesis)
-Better to be given before onset of symptoms
Antiemetics
examples of antiemetics
Compazine and Zofran
Classification of Drugs:
Suppress or destroy fungi.
Antifungal Agents
Classification of Drugs:
Treat both acute(reactions) and chronic allergic disorders.
Antihistamines
2 groups of antihistamines
sedating and non-sedating
define Sedating and give example
(first generation). Example: Benadryl which will be on crash cart.
If emergency then administered intramuscularly.
define non-sedating and give example
(second generation). Example: Claratin, Allegra orally for not as severe allergic disorders.
2 types of diabetes and examples of antidiabetics used
- Type 1 or diabetic mellitus (DM)
absence of insulin. - Type 2 insulin deficiency and insulin resistance. (hyperglycemia)
Glyburide (Micronase), glipzide (Glucotrol) and metformin (Glucophage or Glucovance) and Pioglitazone (Actos). (helps control blood sugar levels)
Radiographers responsibilities
- patient history
- selection and preparation of contrast media
- preparation for possible reaction: fully stocked emergency cart with epinephrine, CPR equipment, O2 and suction available
Classification of Drugs:
Reduce lipid levels in blood stream. If build up of lipid levels, then can lead to condition called atherosclerosis.
(Leading cause of death in US for both sexes). *cholesterol should not be over 200…blood test to find
Antihyperlipdemic Agents
One group of antihyperlipdemic’s, examples and side effects
statins
- Two common drugs: Lipitor and Zocor.
- Side Effects: constipation, abd. pain, and/or muscle pain.
Classification of Drugs:
Used to treat hypertension. (HBP). Often used with diuretics to treat high blood pressure.
Antihypertensives
examples of Antihypertensives
Tenormin (atenolol), Lopressor (metoprolol), Vasotec (enalapril).
reduces fluid in body
diuretics, used in combination with antihypertensive drugs
HBP
high blood pressure, hypertension
Classification of Drugs:
Inhibit platelet build up in blood stream. Can cause bleeding. Often called what_______?
Needed when you have MI(__________),
strokes and TIA’s(_________).
Antiplatelets, also know as blood thinners
Myocardial infarction, Trans ischemic attack
Examples of antiplatelets:
Aspirin, Clopidogrel (Plavix), Abciximab (Repro).
Classification of Drugs:
Treat psychiatric disorders (i.e. schizophrenia).
Adverse effects are?
Antipsychotics, sedation and orthostatic hypertension.
Dizzy when you stand up or sit too fast is called what?
orthostatic hypertension
Example of antipsychotics
Haloperidol(Haldol)
Classification of Drugs:
For peptic ulcers(both gastro and duodenal).
Also used for GERD.
Antiulcer Agents
GERD means?
Gastro esophageal reflux disorder. Reflux of acid from stomach into esophagus
Peptic ulcers are from what?
not from stomach acid.
a bacteria called “Helicobacter Pylori”
Examples of Antiulcer Agents?
Zantac, Prevacid
Classification of Drugs:
Destroy or suppress growth of viruses.
Antiviral
Examples of viruses that antiviral drugs are used for?
herpes simplex, chicken pox, shingles, influenza,
infections with HIV.
Examples of antiviral drugs? And what do they treat?
Retrovir and AZT treat HIV infections
Classification of Drugs:
Treatment of asthma and COPD. They dilate what? Side effects are?
Bronchodilators, bronchioles, nervousness and tachycardia
COPD means what?
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Example of a Bronchodilator?
Albuterol(Proventil)
Classification of Drugs:
prevents too much uptake of acetylcholine, a major neurotransmitter.
Used to treat what?
Cholinesterase Inhibitors, Alzheimer’s Disease
Classification of Drugs:
Control hemorrhage or speed up coagulation. Most are a manufactured form of what?
Coagulants, vitamin K
Classification of Drugs:
Treat both long term chronic inflammatory disorders and short term treatment of acute inflammatory disorders.
Corticosteroids
Examples of Corticosteroids?
Flovent(lungs) and Depro(joints)
Classification of Drugs:
Increase the amount of urine being excreted by the kidneys.
Diuretics
Diuretics are also used with what? Give an example of a diuretic?
antihypertensive drugs, Lasix
Emetics
Drugs used to produce emesis (vomiting)
Example of an Emetic drug?
Ipecac
Hormones
Drugs that act as to stimulate the functional
activity of endocrine system
Examples of Hormone drugs and what they do?
Premarin(hormone replacment), Tamoxifen(estrogen inhibitor), Estrogen blocker(stops breast cancer growth)
Laxatives
Can be used to prepare patients for procedures
Mood stabilizing drugs
prevent mood swings, treat manic depression and bipolar disorders
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
abbrevated NSAIDS, act as an analgesic, reduce fever and inflammation
Examples of Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs?
Ibuprofen(Motrin), Celebrex, can cause GI bleeding
Sedatives
Also called hypnotic, depresses the Central Nervous System, mild sedation to sleep, can lead to addictions
Example of sedative
Zolpidem(Ambien)
Stimulants
Increase function and/or activity of CNS and brain.
-Used for ADHD and narcolepsy.
Examples of stimulants?
Methylphenidate (Ritalin) for ADHD. (Adderall) and Dopamine (Intropin) often on crash cart to stimulate myocardium of heart and to prevent shock and hypertension
Thrombolytics
Dissolve clots
Example of thromolytic drug?
Alteplase(Activase), for myocardial infarction/stoke
Vasoconstrictor
Cause blood vessels to constrict
Example of vsoconstrictor drug?
norepinephrine
Vasodilators
Cause blood vessels to dilate, used for vascular disease and angina
Angina
heart pain
Examples of vasodilator drugs?
nitroglycerin, nitro patch, epinephrine
Drug families
drugs that have similar chemical actions. example is analgesics(relieve pain)
Legal Classification
prescription or non prescription
thromboembolic disorders
blocking blood vessels due to clot
What does serotonin do and what can happen if it is low?
- Low serotonin levels assoc. with depression
* Serotonin makes synapse of the nerves more smooth
ischemia
Not getting enough blood
