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Biol 200 Diversity of Life > Chapter 20, Plant Anatomy and Growth > Flashcards

Chapter 20, Plant Anatomy and Growth Flashcards

1
Q

What is neem locally known as in India and Pakistan?
a) The tree of the 21st century
b) The village pharmacy
c) The amazing tree
d) The ancient wonder

A

b) The village pharmacy

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2
Q

What is the function of neem’s sap?
a) Treats skin diseases
b) Provides flea and tick protection to dogs
c) Combats scabies
d) Aids dental hygiene

A

a) Treats skin diseases

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3
Q

Which tissue forms the outer protective covering of a plant?
a) Vascular tissue
b) Ground tissue
c) Epidermal tissue
d) Cork tissue

A

c) Epidermal tissue

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4
Q

What is the function of root hairs in plants?
a) Gas exchange
b) Water and mineral absorption
c) Storage of products of photosynthesis
d) Flexible support to immature regions of the plant body

A

b) Water and mineral absorption

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5
Q

What type of cells make up the familiar strands in celery stalks?
a) Parenchyma cells
b) Collenchyma cells
c) Vascular cells
d) Epidermal cells

A

b) Collenchyma cells

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6
Q

What is the primary function of sclerenchyma cells in plants?
A) Photosynthesis
B) Support
C) Water transport
D) Nutrient storage

A

B) Support

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7
Q

Which component of the cell wall of plants is responsible for making the walls tough and hard?
A) Cellulose
B) Lignin
C) Resins
D) Proteins

A

B) Lignin

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8
Q

What is the primary function of xylem in plants?
A) Transporting sugar
B) Transporting water and minerals
C) Providing support
D) Photosynthesis

A

B) Transporting water and minerals

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9
Q

What are the two types of conducting cells in xylem?
A) Sieve-tube members and companion cells
B) Vessel elements and tracheids
C) Phloem and companion cells
D) Parenchyma and collenchyma

A

B) Vessel elements and tracheids

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10
Q

Which type of conducting cells in xylem is larger and has perforated end walls?
A) Vessel elements
B) Tracheids
C) Sieve-tube members
D) Companion cells

A

A) Vessel elements

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11
Q

Which of the following is NOT a part of the shoot system in a flowering plant?
a) Stem
b) Leaves
c) Roots
d) Flowers

A

c) Roots

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12
Q

What is the function of the terminal bud in a flowering plant’s stem?
a) Produces new leaves and other tissues during primary growth
b) Stores nutrients for the plant
c) Facilitates water transport
d) Supports the stem

A

a) Produces new leaves and other tissues during primary growth

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13
Q

What is the main difference between monocots and eudicots in terms of cotyledons?
a) Monocots have two cotyledons, while eudicots have one
b) Monocots have one cotyledon, while eudicots have two
c) Monocots and eudicots have the same number of cotyledons
d) Both monocots and eudicots lack cotyledons

A

b) Monocots have one cotyledon, while eudicots have two

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14
Q

Which type of flowering plant has vascular tissue located in a ring in the root?
a) Monocots
b) Eudicots
c) Both monocots and eudicots
d) Neither monocots nor eudicots

A

a) Monocots

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15
Q

What is the function of the xylem in a flowering plant?
a) Transport of organic nutrients
b) Support for the plant
c) Transport of water and minerals
d) Production of new tissue

A

c) Transport of water and minerals

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16
Q

What is the chief organ of photosynthesis in plants?
a) Stem
b) Root
c) Leaf
d) Flower

A

c) Leaf

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17
Q

Which type of leaves maximize the surface area to collect sunlight and absorb carbon dioxide?
a) Narrow and thick
b) Broad and thin
c) Small and round
d) Long and pointed

A

b) Broad and thin

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18
Q

What is the wide portion of a foliage leaf called?
a) Stomata
b) Petiole
c) Blade
d) Mesophyll

A

c) Blade

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19
Q

What is the outermost structure of a typical eudicot leaf that prevents water loss?
a) Stomata
b) Waxy cuticle
c) Mesophyll
d) Epidermal layer

A

b) Waxy cuticle

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20
Q

Which tissue in the interior area of a leaf carries out photosynthesis?
a) Vascular tissue
b) Mesophyll
c) Epidermal layer
d) Cuticle

A

b) Mesophyll

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21
Q

Which region of the mesophyll contains tightly packed cells, increasing the surface area for the absorption of sunlight?
a) Palisade mesophyll
b) Spongy mesophyll
c) Stomata
d) Epidermis

A

a) Palisade mesophyll

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22
Q

What is the carbohydrate often transported in the form of from the leaf?
a) Glucose
b) Fructose
c) Sucrose
d) Maltose

A

c) Sucrose

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23
Q

Aside from photosynthesis, what other function may leaves have?
a) Trapping insects
b) Absorbing water
c) Attaching to objects
d) Protecting the stem

A

c) Attaching to objects

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24
Q

What type of stem does a daisy have?
a) Woody
b) Herbaceous
c) Monocot
d) Eudicot

A

b) Herbaceous

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25
Q

What is the outermost tissue of an herbaceous stem?
a) Cortex
b) Epidermis
c) Pith
d) Vascular bundle

A

b) Epidermis

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26
Q

What is the ground tissue in the center of a eudicot stem called?
a) Cortex
b) Pith
c) Vascular bundle
d) Epidermis

A

b) Pith

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27
Q

Which type of stem lacks an organized cortex or pith?
a) Woody
b) Herbaceous
c) Monocot
d) Eudicot

A

c) Monocot

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28
Q

In which type of stem are the vascular bundles arranged in a distinct ring that separates the cortex from the pith?
a) Herbaceous eudicot
b) Herbaceous monocot
c) Woody eudicot
d) Woody monocot

A

a) Herbaceous eudicot

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29
Q

What provides internal strength to resist breaking during growth in stems?
a) Vascular bundles
b) Tracheids
c) Sclerenchyma cells
d) Parenchyma cells

A

c) Sclerenchyma cells

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30
Q

What type of stem does a tree trunk have?
a) Woody
b) Herbaceous
c) Monocot
d) Eudicot

A

a) Woody

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31
Q

What is the carbohydrate often transported in the form of from the leaf?
a) Glucose
b) Fructose
c) Sucrose
d) Maltose

A

c) Sucrose

32
Q

What is the wide portion of a foliage leaf called?
a) Stomata
b) Petiole
c) Blade
d) Mesophyll

A

c) Blade

33
Q

What is the outermost structure of a typical eudicot leaf that prevents water loss?
a) Stomata
b) Waxy cuticle
c) Mesophyll
d) Epidermal layer

A

b) Waxy cuticle

34
Q

What is the chief organ of photosynthesis in plants?
a) Stem
b) Root
c) Leaf
d) Flower

A

c) Leaf

35
Q

Which type of leaves maximize the surface area to collect sunlight and absorb carbon dioxide?
a) Narrow and thick
b) Broad and thin
c) Small and round
d) Long and pointed

A

b) Broad and thin

36
Q

What is the primary photosynthetic organ in a cactus?
a) Leaves
b) Stem
c) Roots
d) Flowers

A

b) Stem

37
Q

What is the function of the tuber in a potato plant?
a) Water storage
b) Food storage
c) Photosynthesis
d) Anchoring the plant

A

b) Food storage

38
Q

In herbaceous eudicots, where is the vascular cambium usually present?
a) Between xylem and phloem
b) Between bark and wood
c) In the roots
d) In the leaves

A

a) Between xylem and phloem

39
Q

What is the primary function of the bark in a tree?
a) Water storage
b) Nutrient transportation
c) Gas exchange
d) Protection

A

d) Protection

40
Q

What is impregnated in cork cells, making them waterproof?
a) Suberin
b) Xylem
c) Phloem
d) Cortex

A

a) Suberin

41
Q

Where are lenticels found in a woody stem?
a) Xylem
b) Phloem
c) Cork cells
d) Epidermis

A

d) Epidermis

42
Q

From which tree are cork stoppers traditionally manufactured?
a) Pine tree
b) Oak tree
c) Maple tree
d) Palm tree

A

b) Oak tree

43
Q

What is the primary function of the apical meristem in a plant?
a) Water absorption
b) Nutrient transportation
c) Xylem production
d) Growth and development

A

d) Growth and development

44
Q

What is the primary function of the secondary xylem in a tree?
a) Water transport
b) Nutrient storage
c) Gas exchange
d) Structural support

A

a) Water transport

45
Q

What is the primary function of the root system in a plant?
a) Photosynthesis
b) Nutrient absorption
c) Gas exchange
d) Flower production

A

b) Nutrient absorption

46
Q

What is the function of the root hairs in a plant?
A) To provide support to the root structure
B) To increase the absorption of water and minerals
C) To store nutrients for the plant
D) To protect the root from external damage

A

B) To increase the absorption of water and minerals

47
Q

Which zone of the root contains actively dividing cells and is surrounded by a root cap?
A) Zone of elongation
B) Zone of maturation
C) Zone of cell division
D) Zone of differentiation

A

C) Zone of cell division

48
Q

What is the function of the endodermis in the root?
A) To store nutrients for the plant
B) To regulate the entrance of minerals into the vascular tissue
C) To provide support to the root structure
D) To increase the absorption of water and minerals

A

B) To regulate the entrance of minerals into the vascular tissue

49
Q

What is the function of the pericycle in the root?
A) To store nutrients for the plant
B) To regulate the entrance of minerals into the vascular tissue
C) To form lateral roots
D) To increase the absorption of water and minerals

A

C) To form lateral roots

50
Q

What is the composition of the vascular cylinder in a eudicot root?
A) Alternating xylem and phloem bundles
B) Star-shaped xylem with separate phloem regions
C) Alternating pith and phloem bundles
D) Star-shaped phloem with separate xylem regions

A

B) Star-shaped xylem with separate phloem regions

51
Q

Which of the following elements is NOT considered a micronutrient for plants?
a) Iron (Fe)
b) Calcium (Ca)
c) Manganese (Mn)
d) Zinc (Zn)

A

b) Calcium (Ca)

52
Q

Why do carnivorous plants capture insects?
a) To obtain carbon dioxide
b) To obtain water
c) To obtain nitrogen
d) To obtain oxygen

A

c) To obtain nitrogen

53
Q

What do the three numbers in the NPK ratio on a bag of fertilizer refer to?
a) Amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
b) Amounts of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
c) Amounts of iron, calcium, and magnesium
d) Amounts of sulfur, chlorine, and molybdenum

A

a) Amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium

54
Q

What is the role of potassium in plant health and growth?
a) Promotes root system health
b) Involved in general plant health
c) Needed for protein production
d) Needed for chlorophyll formation

A

d) Needed for chlorophyll formation

55
Q

How do most plants obtain nitrogen for growth?
a) From the air
b) From water
c) From the soil
d) From sunlight

A

c) From the soil

56
Q

How does water move from the roots to the leaves in plants?
A) Through active transport
B) Through osmosis
C) Through the cohesion-tension model
D) Through root pressure

A

C) Through the cohesion-tension model

57
Q

What is the main cause of the upward movement of water in plants?
A) Root pressure
B) Transpiration
C) Osmosis
D) Cohesion of water molecules

A

D) Cohesion of water molecules

58
Q

What is the force that causes stomata to open and close?
A) Transpiration
B) Turgor pressure
C) Osmosis
D) Root pressure

A

B) Turgor pressure

59
Q

What is the location where sugar is actively transported from the leaf mesophyll into the sieve tubes of the phloem?
A) Xylem
B) Stomata
C) Sink
D) Phloem

A

D) Phloem

60
Q

What is the mechanism that explains how sugar is transported from the source to the sink in plants?
A) Cohesion-tension model
B) Pressure-flow model
C) Osmosis model
D) Root pressure model

A

B) Pressure-flow model

61
Q

List the three types of tissue in a plant and summarize the functions of each.

A

Epidermal tissue, or epidermis, is a layer of closely packed cells that provides the outer protective covering of a plant. Root hairs, guard cells, and cork cells are specialized epidermal cells. Ground tissue contains three types of cells. Parenchyma cells are found in all organs of a plant. They sometimes contain chloroplasts and carry out photosynthesis, or they have vacuoles used to store the products of photosynthesis. They help to carry out the functions of a particular organ. Collenchyma cells have irregular corners and thicker cell walls. They form the internal bulk of leaves, stems, and roots and provide flexible support for immature regions of the plant. Sclerenchyma cells have a thick secondary wall, are nonliving, and contain lignin. They provide support for mature regions of the plant. Vascular tissue is xylem or phloem. Xylem contains vessel elements and tracheids, and phloem is made up of sieve-tube members and companion cells. Both types of vascular tissue transport water and nutrients, as well as provide support for the plant.

62
Q

Contrast the function of xylem with that of phloem.

A

Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to leaves. Phloem transports organic compounds throughout the plant.

63
Q

Describe the modifications that may occur in epidermal tissue.

A

In roots, epidermal cells may form root hairs, which increase the surface area of roots for increased absorption of water and minerals. In leaves, epidermal cells can be modified to form guard cells, which surround stomata. These openings regulate water loss and gas exchange. Trichomes are prickly projections formed by epidermal cells that deter insect herbivores. The epidermis in the trunk of a tree can be replaced by cork, which is a part of the bark.

64
Q

Describe the difference in function between the root and shoot systems of a plant.

A

The root system is composed of roots, which stabilize the plant and are the site of water and mineral absorption. The root tips contain an apical meristem that produces primary growth downward. The shoot system is composed of the stem, leaves, flowers, and fruit. The stem supports the leaves, transports materials between roots and leaves, and produces new tissue via the apical meristem at the terminal bud. The leaves are the main site of photosynthesis, and the flowers and fruit are organs involved in reproduction.

65
Q

Define cotyledon and explain its function.

A

A cotyledon is an embryonic leaf present in seeds of flowering plants. In monocots, which have one cotyledon, the cotyledon stores some nutrients and acts as a transfer tissue for nutrients stored elsewhere. In eudicots, which have two cotyledons, the cotyledons supply nutrients for developing seedlings.

66
Q

List the differences between monocots and eudicots.

A

In monocot roots, the vascular tissue is arranged in a ring around the center. In eudicot roots, the vascular tissue is in the center. The xylem forms a star shape, and the phloem is located between the points of the star. In the monocot stem, bundles of vascular tissue are scattered throughout, but in eudicots the bundles are arranged in a ring close to the edge. Leaf veins are parallel in monocots and form a netlike pattern in eudicots.

67
Q

Explain how the structure of a leaf aids in photosynthesis.

A

The mesophyll, which is the site of photosynthesis, has a large surface area for gas exchange and water loss. The leaf contains stomata for gas exchange and veins that carry nutrients to and from the leaf. Some leaves are broad and thin, providing large surface areas for light absorption and gas exchange. The waxy cuticle of the leaf prevents water loss.

68
Q

List the components that make up wood and bark.

A

Wood is secondary xylem made by the vascular cambium. Bark is made up of cork, cork cambium, cortex, and phloem.

69
Q

List the functions of the tissues of a eudicot root.

A

The vascular tissue of eudicot roots contains xylem that is arranged in a star shape in the center and transports water and minerals, and phloem that is arranged between the arms of the star and transports nutrients. The endodermis forms a layer that forces water and minerals to pass through the endodermal cells. The pericycle is a layer of cells inside the endodermis that continue to divide and form lateral roots. The cortex of the root contains starch granules and may function in food storage. The epidermis forms the outer layer of the root, and in the zone of maturation, its cells may have root hairs.

70
Q

Explain the difference between a macronutrient and a micronutrient.

A

Essential nutrients for plants are divided into macronutrients and micronutrients according to their relative concentration in plant tissue. Plants need a larger amount of macronutrients than micronutrients.

71
Q

List the macronutrients needed for plant growth.

A

Macronutrients are C, H, O, P, K, N, S, Ca, Fe (in some plants), and Mg.

72
Q

Discuss the importance of root nodules and mycorrhizal fungi to plants.

A

The bacteria within root nodules fix atmospheric nitrogen, changing it to nitrate or ammonium, which the plant can use. The plant provides carbohydrates to the bacteria. The hyphae of the mycorrhizal fungi have a large surface area for water uptake, and they break down organic matter. The roots of the plant provide sugars and amino acids to the fungi. These mutualistic relationships are beneficial to both the plants and the bacteria or fungi.

73
Q

Explain the role of transpiration in water transport.

A

Transpiration, the evaporation of water at the leaves, causes water to move in the xylem from the roots upward throughout the plant.

74
Q

Explain how the cohesive and adhesive properties of water assist water transport in xylem.

A

A continuous water column exists in xylem because of water’s properties of cohesion and adhesion. Without a continuous water column, transpiration would be unable to pull water from roots to the leaves.

75
Q

Describe how the pressure-flow model explains the movement of sugar in the phloem.

A

Sugar is actively transported into phloem at a source. When water follows by osmosis, pressure builds and causes the phloem contents to flow toward a sink, where the sugar is transported out of the phloem.

Biol 200 Diversity of Life (2 decks)

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