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Anatomy II > Chapter 20- Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Chapter 20- Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphatic system

A

picks up fluid lost by blood capillaries
Consists of lymph vessels, lymph, and lymph nodes
Fluid that is picked up by lymph capillaries is eventually returned to circulation

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2
Q

Lymphoid organs

A

provide structural basis for immune system
Monitors body for infection
House phagocytic cells and lymphocytes

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3
Q

Lymph

A

Fluid found in the lymph vessel

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4
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

picks up protein-containing interstitial fluid that is not reabsorbed by blood capillaries
Only move fluid towards the heart

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5
Q

Lymph capillaries

A

blind-ended vessels that weave through capillary beds

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6
Q

Anchoring filaments

A

increase in interstitial fluid pulls on anchoring filaments
Flaps of endothelial wall open easily
Anchor is like a rope that opens the flap allowing fluid in

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7
Q

Lacteals

A

Specialized lymph capillaries for movement of fats from small intestine of bloodstream
Only found around small intestine
Allow for absorption of fats

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8
Q

Collecting Lymphatic Vessels

A

In skin—vessels travel with superficial veins
In trunk-–vessels travel with deep arteries

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9
Q

Lymphatic trunks

A

drainage areas resulting from collecting vessels uniting
Lumbar trunk (2): drains lower extremities (legs)
Bronchomediastinal trunk (2): drains thorax
Subclavian trunk (2): drains upper extremities (arms) & superficial thoracic wall
Jugular trunks (2): drains head & neck
Intestinal trunk (1): drains digestive organs
Lacteals and the draining of fats

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10
Q

Lymphatic ducts

A

structures that lymphatic trunks drain into
Both ducts empty into junction at internal jugular vein & subclavian vein
Right lymphatic duct empties into veins on right side
Thoracic duct empties into veins on left side

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11
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

drains lymph from right upper limb, right side of head, and right thorax

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12
Q

Thoracic duct

A

drains any part of body that is not drained by right lymphatic duct
Usually begins at cisterna chyli
Left upper limb, left side of brain, left side of thorax
Both lumbar trunks (right & left limbs)
Intestinal trunk

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13
Q

Cisterna chyli

A

Where the thoracic duct begins

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14
Q

Solutions to transporting lymph

A

1) Smooth muscle in larger vessel walls helps push lymph through
2) Similar to circulation in veins: valves to prevent backflow, respiratory pump
3) Circulation also improved by pulsatile nature of nearby arteries
4) Physical movement (skeletal muscle) is important for increasing lymph flow**
For infected regions → body part should be mobilized to increase rate of removal of inflammatory material

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15
Q

helper T cell

A

manages/mediates immune response
Assist in maturation of B cells, macrophages, and other immunity-related cells
Attacking what they need to attack and not going overboard

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16
Q

Killer T Cell

A

cell destroyer
Kill off virus-infected and cancerous cells

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17
Q

B Cells

A

produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into blood
Antibodies put a “red flag” on foreign antigen cells → marked for destruction
Helps them recognize what does and doesn’t belong

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18
Q

Macrophages (Defense cell)

A

phagocytize large, foreign substances & help activate T cells

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19
Q

Dendritic cells (Defense cell)

A

cells that escort “red flagged” cells back to lymph nodes
Dendritic cells put flagged cells on display → other immune cells know to destroy
Holds the cell up and displays it to other immune system cells

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20
Q

Reticular cells (Supporting cell)

A

Produce stroma → supports cell types in lymphoid tissue/organs
No immune system functioning at all

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21
Q

reticular connective tissue

A

Exception: not in thymus
Loose connective tissue

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22
Q

Diffuse lymphoid tissue

A

Loose aggregation of lymphoid cells and reticular fibers
Present in most organs of the body
Larger collections found in mucous membranes
Mucous membranes- leading to the exterior - mouth
In immediate contact with the external environment - microorganisms and external environment can impact the lymph nodes

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23
Q

Lymphoid nodules

A

Tightly packed lymphoid cells and reticular fibers
Dense
Usually form parts of larger lymphoid organs (especially lymph nodes)
Germinal centers are areas of proliferating B cells

24
Q

Germinal Centers

A

Areas of proliferating B Cells
Specialized area where B cells will increase in number when infection occurs

25
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

red bone marrow and thymus
Location where B and T cells mature
B cells mature in Bone marrow
T cells mature in Thymus

26
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

lymph nodes, spleen, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
Location where mature lymphocytes first encounter antigens and become activated
Mature immune system cells

27
Q

Lymph Nodes

A

Do both primary and secondary (only ones)
Form clusters in axillary (pits), cervical (head and neck lymph cleansing), and inguinal regions

28
Q

Activating immune System (lymph nodes)

A

Dendritic cells bring antigens to lymph nodes to “display” them to lymphocytes → activate T cells

29
Q

Cleanses lymph via filtration

A

Lymph passes through nodes before it enters back into circulation → macrophages clean lymph of microorganisms & other particles

30
Q

Lymph Node anatomy

A

Bean-shaped organ surrounded by dense fibrous capsule

31
Q

Cortex

A

Outer portion of the node
Dense follicles containing dividing B cells
Increase ability of the cell to find and kill what is bad
Inner portion contains moving T cells
Wander around to find something it needs to either kill off or flag

32
Q

Medulla

A

Inner portion of node
Both T and B cells found here

33
Q

Lymph Sinus

A

Sites where macrophages reside

34
Q

Afferent lymphatic vessels

A

(5)
Bring lymph into the node
Circulates through the sinuses

35
Q

Efferent lymph Vessels

A

(2)
Allows lymph to leave the node
Enters faster than it can leave (remains slightly longer)
Ensures lymph is cleaned out before it exits
Lymph comes into contact with B cells, T cells and macrophages each time it goes through

36
Q

Lymphadenopathy

A

(incorrectly called “swollen glands”)
Nodes overwhelmed & blocked off due to high infection rate
Nodes become inflamed, swollen, tender, and filled with pus
Usually necessitates use of antibiotic to assist in treatment of infection

37
Q

Secondary cancer sites

A

Metastasizing cancer cells break free from original tumor, get “stuck” in lymph nodes in different part(s) of body
Lymph nodes become swollen/enlarged, but are not painful
Ex: swelling of axillary nodes indicates breast cancer

38
Q

Spleen

A

Largest lymphoid organs, very well vascularized
Important for cleansing blood, (NOT LYMPH)
1) Pulls old & damaged blood cells (RBCs, platelets) from blood supply
2) Macrophages in spleen pull microorganisms straight out of blood

39
Q

Other functions of the spleen

A

1) Recycles parts of old RBCs for later reuse
Stores iron, ships other recyclables to liver for processing
2) Stores platelets & monocytes
Gets rid of toxic effect
Takes Heme group and ships it to the liver

40
Q

Red pulp

A

“Recycling Center”
Area of erythrocyte and pathogen destruction
Packed with red blood cells and macrophages

41
Q

White pulp

A

serves immune function
Contains mostly lymphocytes (WBC) on reticular fibers

42
Q

Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissues (MALT)

A

Found specifically in mucous membranes
Most mucous membranes lead into/out of body → easy “in” for pathogens!
MALT prevents pathogen entrance at these areas
3 main areas of body:
1) Tonsils
2) Peyer’s patches
3) Appendix

43
Q

Tonsils (MALT)

A

Found at entrance to pharynx in throat → fight infections/bacteria coming in from the mouth
Several different tonsils:
1) Palatine tonsils
2) Lingual tonsils
3) Adenoids (Pharyngeal tonsils)
4) Tubal tonsils

44
Q

Palatine Tonsils

A

largest, most likely to become infected
Example- Strep throat
Requires the use of antibiotics to fix it to get rid of the infection

45
Q

Lingual Tonsils

A

Lymphoid follicles at base of tongue

46
Q

Adenoids

A

In posterior wall of nasopharynx (topmost portion of the pharynx right where it meets the nasal cavity

47
Q

Tubal Tonsils

A

Surround openings of auditory tubes into pharynx
If bacteria gets into the tube (pharyngotympanic tube), it will cause an ear infection

48
Q

Peyer’s Patches

A

Aggregated lymphoid nodules
Structurally similar to tonsils (tonsils stuck to small intestine)
Found in the wall of the ileum of the small intestine

49
Q

Appendix

A

High concentration of lymphoid follicles
Can live without the malt organs - when the appendix gets blocked off, appendicitis will happen and requires the removal of the appendix

50
Q

The Thymus

A

Site of T cell maturation
Without the thymus, mature T cells capable of body defense would not exist!

51
Q

Where is the thymus large and most active?

A

Infants
Begins to atrophy in early adolescence
Will still put out immune cells, but at a reduced rate

52
Q

What happens with the thymus in old age?

A

Moast fibrous and fatty tissue
Cortex is packed tightly with lymphocytes
Medulla has fewer lymphocytes

53
Q

Hassell’s (thymic) corpuscles

A

site of regulatory T cell production
Regulatory T cells prevent autoimmune responses

54
Q

Thymosin

A

Hormone in thymus
Stimulates development/maturation of T cells - stimulates immunocompetency (able to launch it themselves)

55
Q

Differences the thymus has from other lymphoid organs

A

) No B cells found in thymus
2) No direct immune response
(Only a site for T cell maturation, not launching an immune response
Blood thymus barrier → prevents immature T cells from being exposed to antigens too early)
3) No reticular fibers
(Has epithelial cells instead – ideal for T cell maturation)

Anatomy II (4 decks)

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