Chapter 20 (Exam 1)

Question 1

Analogous Structure

Answer 1

Structure with similar functions that do not indicate common ancestry. Convergent evolution selecting for similar functions. Ex: Bird vs. bug wings.

Question 2

Analogy

Question 3

Animalia

Question 4

Archaea

Question 5

Bacteria

Question 6

Basal Taxon

Question 7

Binomial Nomenclature

Answer 7

Classification system created by Carolus Linnaeus where the scientific names is the Genus followed by the species name

Question 8

Branch Point

Answer 8

Place on a phylogenetic tree where lineages diverge.

Question 9

Clade

Answer 9

A group of organisms based on similar characteristics and common ancestry.

Question 10

Cladistics

Answer 10

Creating phylogenetic trees by grouping organisms by shared characteristics. Ex: Can’t have a complete reptile clade without birds.

Question 11

Class

Answer 11

Level of binomial nomenclature preceded by Domain, Kingdom, and Phylum. Ex: Mammalia.

Question 12

Domain

Answer 12

Most general level of binomial nomenclature. The three domains are Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea.

Question 13

Eukarya

Answer 13

On of the three domains of life that includes multicellular organisms and some unicellular organisms. The cells have a distinct nucleus and variety of specialized organelles confined in a cellular membrane.

Question 14

Eukaryote

Question 15

Family

Question 16

Fungi

Question 17

Gene Transfer Agent

Question 18

Genome Fusion

Answer 18

The fusion of two prokaryotic genomes probably through endosymbiosis.

Question 19

Genus

Question 20

Homologous Structure

Answer 20

Structures or characteristics that suggest a common ancestry. Ex: Skeletal similarities between humans cats, whales, and bats.

Question 21

Homology

Question 22

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Question 23

Kingdom

Question 24

Maximum Parsimony

Answer 24

The idea that the model that includes the fewest number of changes is probably the correct model.

Question 25

Mitochondria-first hypothesis

Question 26

Molecular Systematics

Question 27

Monophyletic

Question 28

Nucleus-first Hypothesis

Question 29

Order

Question 30

Orthologous Genes

Question 31

Outgroup

Answer 31

A distantly related taxon that possesses all ancestral characteristics.

Question 32

Paraphyletic

Question 33

Phylogenetic Tree

Answer 33

A visual representation of evolution showing ancestry between different species of organisms.

Question 34

Phylogeny

Answer 34

The evolutionary history and relationship of an organism or group of organisms.

Question 35

Phylum

Question 36

Plantae

Question 37

Polyphyletic

Question 38

Polytomy

Answer 38

An unresolved branch point where there are more then two branches.

Question 39

Prokaryote

Question 40

Rooted

Question 41

Shared Ancestral Character

Answer 41

A characteristics that all organisms of a phylogenetic tree share.

Question 42

Shared Derived Character

Question 43

Sister Taxa

Answer 43

Two lineages that diverge from the same branch point.

Question 44

Species

Question 45

Systematics

Answer 45

The study of the relationships among organisms that depict the evolutionary relationships creating phylogenetic trees.

Question 46

Taxon

Question 47

Taxonomy

Answer 47

practice of classifying organisms