Chapter 20: Biochemistry Flashcards
What is the basis of organic chemistry?
The ability to push electrons
What is organic chemistry?
The chemistry of all compounds containing carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds.
The molecules of life
What is a biomolecule?
any molecule produced by living organisms
What is biochemistry?
Study of chemical processes taking place in living organisms
Why are functional groups important, what are the names of the functional groups?
The functional group is where all the chemistry takes place, hydrogens and carbons are merely the skeleton.
Alkane, alkene, alkyne, alcohol, carboxylic acid, amine, aldehyde, ketone, aromatic, ether, ester, amide
What are constitutional isomers?
Molecules with the same chemical formula but different connectivity (lewis structures).
Are different compounds with different chemical and physical properties
What are stereoisomers?
Isomers with same formula and connectivity but different spacial arrangements of atoms
Chemical and physical properties change whether cis or trans
What is a cis isomer?
Also Z isomer, two like groups on same side of molecules (can see each other)
What is a trans isomer?
Also E isomer, two like groups opposite sides of molecules (cannot see each other)
What are optical isomers?
Molecules that do not have superimposable mirror images (chiral)
Mirror, rotate 180 degrees, if not same = non superimposable
What does it mean to be chiral?
A chiral molecule is connected to four different groups
What does it mean to be chiral?
A chiral molecule is connected to four different groups
if there is a double bond or symmetry, molecule is not chiral
Why is chiral properties important in biochemistry?
Chiral properties is necessary for enzymes to work on specific molecules
What does optical refer to?
The way compounds interact with plane of polarized light
-The degree to which it rotates polarized light
What are enantiomers?
One pair of optical isomers
-rotate polarized light in two different directions but to the same magnitude.
What is a racemic mixture?
Sample with equal amounts of both enantiomers of compound. There will be no chemical activity
What is necessary for a drug to have a chemical activity?
Must be chiral and often is separated from enantiomers since enantiomers may have opposite reactions
What are proteins?
Biological polymer made of amino acids
What are amino acids?
A molecule containing one amine group and one carboxylic acid group
-20 known alpha amino acids
What are essential amino acids?
Any of the eight amino acids that make up peptides/proteins not synthesized in the body
What is the form of alpha amino acids?
19 chiral, 1 non chiral
-amine group (NH3), carboxylic acid (COOH), bonded to alpha carbon
-differ from each other by side chain “R”
What are the groups of alpha amino acids?
Nonpolar R groups, Polar R groups (may contain hydrogen bond or C double O bond), Acidic R group, basic R groups (lone pair available)
What is a zwitteron? What is an example?
A molecule with both positively and negatively charges groups in its structure.
An amino acid:
Acidic solution: Charge 1+,
Neural solution: Neutral charge
Basic solution: Charge 1-
What are peptide bonds?
A bond found in proteins coming from the bonding of two amino acids. Prevalent in biological molecules
What is the formula of a peptide bond? How are they formed?
O=C-N-H
Condensation reaction of carboxylic acid (to the right) & amine group (to the left) O=C + NH2 = peptide bond + H2O
What is a polymer? What is an example?
A molecule with a repeating unit. Protein with repeating units of amino acids
What are the types of proteins?
Structural, enzyme, hormones, signaling, immune, storage, transport
What are the degrees of protein structure? Are they all included in all proteins? Why is knowing the structure important?
Primary 1, Secondary 2, Tertiary 3, and Quaternary 4 structure. Only 1* and 2* are in all proteins.
Knowing the structure helps us to know how they work (their function), leading to better therapy
What is the primary structure of proteins and what causes this?
The sequence of amino acid residues occurring in a polymer
Linke by covalent bonds (sharing electrons)
What is the secondary structure of proteins and what causes this?
Pattern of arrangement of segments of protein chain giving rise to protein shape.
-alpha helix or beta pleated sheets due to hydrogen bonds
-Non-covalent interactions ie hydrogen “bond” strong interaction
What is the tertiary structure of proteins and what causes this?
3D structure this is the Biologically active structure of the protein.
- interactions between R groups
- such as disulfide bond in keratin
What is the quaternary structure of proteins and what causes this?
Larger structure functioning as a single unit
-two protein chains working together (ie hemoglobin)
-interactions of units
What is a protein enzyme?
A biological catalyst with
-active site: location where reactive substance binds on enzyme
-Specificity: highly selective, enzyme for specific substrate (one optical isomer)
What is a substrate?
reactant that binds into actiev site, enzyme-catalysed reaction
What determines protein function?
Shape
What are the enzyme models?
Lock & key: only substrate fits into active site
Induced fit: substrate binds and changes enzyme shape
What is an enzyme inhibitor?
Compounds that diminishes/destroys ability of enzyme to catalyze reaction
-block or change active site
What are carbohydrates? What are the types?
Complex sugars that are the major source of energy in humans
Types: Mono/di/polysaccharides
Why are sugars often in a circle form?
Sugars are more stable in a cyclical form.
What are glycosidic linkages?
C-O-C bonds between sugars ether bond
-alpha: upward link
-beta: downward link
What is Biomass?
The sum total mass of organic matter in any given ecological system
(often used as fuel)
What are biofuels?
Ethanol = gas additive, fermentation of food starch
What is glycolisis?
A series of reactions using glycose to make pyruvate
-Pyruvate: converted into different products depending on cells and enzymes
What are lipids?
Water insoluble compounds common structural materials in cells
What is glyceride?
Lipid- consisting of esters between fatty acids and alcohol glycerol
What is fat?
A solid from animals, triglyceride containing primary saturated (no double bonds) fatty acid
What are phospholipids?
Molecule of glycerol with two fatty acids and one polar phosphate group
=compose cell membranes, hydrophoic f.a. inside, hydrophilic p.p. exposed
What is oil?
A liquid, from plants, primarily unsaturated (contains double bonds)
What is cholesterole?
An essential of cell walls and steroid hormones and important biosynthesis protein.
Over accumulation –> plaque
What are alkanes?
Molecules with only single bonded carbons and hydrogens
What are alcohol functional groups?
Functional group with hydroxide group
What are amine functional groups?
NH2
What is the carboxylic functional group?
OH-C=O
What is amide functional groups?
O=C-NH2
What are enantomers not?
Not superimposable mirror images
Ether:
Glycosidic bond between two sugar molecules in carbs
