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DCC: CHE 122 - Gen Chem II > Chapter 20: Biochemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 20: Biochemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the basis of organic chemistry?

A

The ability to push electrons

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2
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

The chemistry of all compounds containing carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds.
The molecules of life

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3
Q

What is a biomolecule?

A

any molecule produced by living organisms

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4
Q

What is biochemistry?

A

Study of chemical processes taking place in living organisms

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5
Q

Why are functional groups important, what are the names of the functional groups?

A

The functional group is where all the chemistry takes place, hydrogens and carbons are merely the skeleton.
Alkane, alkene, alkyne, alcohol, carboxylic acid, amine, aldehyde, ketone, aromatic, ether, ester, amide

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6
Q

What are constitutional isomers?

A

Molecules with the same chemical formula but different connectivity (lewis structures).
Are different compounds with different chemical and physical properties

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7
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Isomers with same formula and connectivity but different spacial arrangements of atoms
Chemical and physical properties change whether cis or trans

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8
Q

What is a cis isomer?

A

Also Z isomer, two like groups on same side of molecules (can see each other)

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9
Q

What is a trans isomer?

A

Also E isomer, two like groups opposite sides of molecules (cannot see each other)

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10
Q

What are optical isomers?

A

Molecules that do not have superimposable mirror images (chiral)
Mirror, rotate 180 degrees, if not same = non superimposable

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11
Q

What does it mean to be chiral?

A

A chiral molecule is connected to four different groups

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12
Q

What does it mean to be chiral?

A

A chiral molecule is connected to four different groups
if there is a double bond or symmetry, molecule is not chiral

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13
Q

Why is chiral properties important in biochemistry?

A

Chiral properties is necessary for enzymes to work on specific molecules

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14
Q

What does optical refer to?

A

The way compounds interact with plane of polarized light
-The degree to which it rotates polarized light

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15
Q

What are enantiomers?

A

One pair of optical isomers
-rotate polarized light in two different directions but to the same magnitude.

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16
Q

What is a racemic mixture?

A

Sample with equal amounts of both enantiomers of compound. There will be no chemical activity

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17
Q

What is necessary for a drug to have a chemical activity?

A

Must be chiral and often is separated from enantiomers since enantiomers may have opposite reactions

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18
Q

What are proteins?

A

Biological polymer made of amino acids

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19
Q

What are amino acids?

A

A molecule containing one amine group and one carboxylic acid group
-20 known alpha amino acids

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20
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

Any of the eight amino acids that make up peptides/proteins not synthesized in the body

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21
Q

What is the form of alpha amino acids?

A

19 chiral, 1 non chiral
-amine group (NH3), carboxylic acid (COOH), bonded to alpha carbon
-differ from each other by side chain “R”

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22
Q

What are the groups of alpha amino acids?

A

Nonpolar R groups, Polar R groups (may contain hydrogen bond or C double O bond), Acidic R group, basic R groups (lone pair available)

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23
Q

What is a zwitteron? What is an example?

A

A molecule with both positively and negatively charges groups in its structure.
An amino acid:
Acidic solution: Charge 1+,
Neural solution: Neutral charge
Basic solution: Charge 1-

24
Q

What are peptide bonds?

A

A bond found in proteins coming from the bonding of two amino acids. Prevalent in biological molecules

25
Q

What is the formula of a peptide bond? How are they formed?

A

O=C-N-H
Condensation reaction of carboxylic acid (to the right) & amine group (to the left) O=C + NH2 = peptide bond + H2O

26
Q

What is a polymer? What is an example?

A

A molecule with a repeating unit. Protein with repeating units of amino acids

27
Q

What are the types of proteins?

A

Structural, enzyme, hormones, signaling, immune, storage, transport

28
Q

What are the degrees of protein structure? Are they all included in all proteins? Why is knowing the structure important?

A

Primary 1, Secondary 2, Tertiary 3, and Quaternary 4 structure. Only 1* and 2* are in all proteins.
Knowing the structure helps us to know how they work (their function), leading to better therapy

29
Q

What is the primary structure of proteins and what causes this?

A

The sequence of amino acid residues occurring in a polymer
Linke by covalent bonds (sharing electrons)

30
Q

What is the secondary structure of proteins and what causes this?

A

Pattern of arrangement of segments of protein chain giving rise to protein shape.
-alpha helix or beta pleated sheets due to hydrogen bonds
-Non-covalent interactions ie hydrogen “bond” strong interaction

31
Q

What is the tertiary structure of proteins and what causes this?

A

3D structure this is the Biologically active structure of the protein.
- interactions between R groups
- such as disulfide bond in keratin

32
Q

What is the quaternary structure of proteins and what causes this?

A

Larger structure functioning as a single unit
-two protein chains working together (ie hemoglobin)
-interactions of units

33
Q

What is a protein enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst with
-active site: location where reactive substance binds on enzyme
-Specificity: highly selective, enzyme for specific substrate (one optical isomer)

34
Q

What is a substrate?

A

reactant that binds into actiev site, enzyme-catalysed reaction

35
Q

What determines protein function?

A

Shape

36
Q

What are the enzyme models?

A

Lock & key: only substrate fits into active site
Induced fit: substrate binds and changes enzyme shape

37
Q

What is an enzyme inhibitor?

A

Compounds that diminishes/destroys ability of enzyme to catalyze reaction
-block or change active site

38
Q

What are carbohydrates? What are the types?

A

Complex sugars that are the major source of energy in humans
Types: Mono/di/polysaccharides

39
Q

Why are sugars often in a circle form?

A

Sugars are more stable in a cyclical form.

40
Q

What are glycosidic linkages?

A

C-O-C bonds between sugars ether bond
-alpha: upward link
-beta: downward link

41
Q

What is Biomass?

A

The sum total mass of organic matter in any given ecological system
(often used as fuel)

42
Q

What are biofuels?

A

Ethanol = gas additive, fermentation of food starch

43
Q

What is glycolisis?

A

A series of reactions using glycose to make pyruvate
-Pyruvate: converted into different products depending on cells and enzymes

44
Q

What are lipids?

A

Water insoluble compounds common structural materials in cells

45
Q

What is glyceride?

A

Lipid- consisting of esters between fatty acids and alcohol glycerol

46
Q

What is fat?

A

A solid from animals, triglyceride containing primary saturated (no double bonds) fatty acid

47
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

Molecule of glycerol with two fatty acids and one polar phosphate group
=compose cell membranes, hydrophoic f.a. inside, hydrophilic p.p. exposed

48
Q

What is oil?

A

A liquid, from plants, primarily unsaturated (contains double bonds)

49
Q

What is cholesterole?

A

An essential of cell walls and steroid hormones and important biosynthesis protein.
Over accumulation –> plaque

50
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Molecules with only single bonded carbons and hydrogens

51
Q

What are alcohol functional groups?

A

Functional group with hydroxide group

52
Q

What are amine functional groups?

A

NH2

53
Q

What is the carboxylic functional group?

A

OH-C=O

54
Q

What is amide functional groups?

A

O=C-NH2

55
Q

What are enantomers not?

A

Not superimposable mirror images

56
Q

Ether:

A

Glycosidic bond between two sugar molecules in carbs

DCC: CHE 122 - Gen Chem II (8 decks)

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