Chapter 20

Question 1

during pressure gradient, what is the venous pressure gradient?

Answer 1

7-13 mm Hg

Question 2

7-13 mm HG favoring blood movement to the heart

Answer 2

pressure gradient

Question 3

the flow of blood back to the heart

Answer 3

venous return

Question 4

venous return is achieved by 5 mechanisms:

Answer 4

1. pressure gradient
2. gravity
3. skeletal muscle pump
4. thoracic pump
5. cardiac suction

Question 5

___ drains blood from the head and neck; large veins of head and neck are collapsed

Answer 5

gravity during venous return

Question 6

___ is when the massaging of veins by muscle action; venous valves prevent back-flow

Answer 6

the skeletal muscle pump during venous return

Question 7

___ pulls blood from abdominal to thoracic portion of inferior vena cava

Answer 7

the thoracic (respiratory) pump during venous return

Question 8

___ expands the right atrium and pulls blood from inferior vena cava

Answer 8

cardiac suction

Question 9

blood pressure in the veins is so __

Answer 9

low

Question 10

downward motion of the diaphragm increases pressure in the abdominal cavity

Answer 10

inhale

Question 11

upward motion of diaphragm increase the pressure in the thoracic cavity

Answer 11

exhale

Question 12

the accumulation of blood

Answer 12

venous pooling

Question 13

the accumulation of excess fluid in a tissue

Answer 13

edema

Question 14

occurs when fluid filters into a tissue faster than it is reabsorbed

Answer 14

edema

Question 15

CORRECT ESSAY: what do you think will happen to the rate of venous return during lifting when the thoracic cavity pressure decreases and remains when breathing is held?

Answer 15

Initially, it speeds up. But if you continue to hold breath it slows down and possibly even stop.

Question 16

hypertensions, histamine, old age, inactivity, reduced venous return, right or left ventricular failure

Answer 16

increased capillary filtration

Question 17

albumin deficiency, liver disease, dietary protein deficiency, kidney disease, severe burns

Answer 17

reduced capillary reabsorption

Question 18

obstructed lymphatic vessels, surgical removal of lymph nodes

Answer 18

obstructed lymphatic drainage

Question 19

why is the lymphatic system so important?

Answer 19

because it helps drain extra fluid

Question 20

Why is it problematic when require to stand for long times?

Answer 20

• CO is reduced
• Profusion to the brain is reduced (hypoxic)
• syncope (fainting)
• varicose veins

Question 21

what starts to build up in the brain during profusion?

Answer 21

carbon dioxide which leads to hydrogen ions

Question 22

capillaries in ___ engage almost entirely in filtration

Answer 22

renal glomeruli

Question 23

capillaries of ___ engage almost entirely in reabsorption

Answer 23

pulmonary alveoli

Question 24

capillaries in ____ shift from reabsorption to filtration when BOP rises; muscles accumulate fluid

Answer 24

exercising muscles

Question 25

what do traumatized tissues increase?

Answer 25

permeability and filtration

Question 26

traumatized tissues release ____, ____, and ____

Answer 26

substance P, bradykinin, and histamine

Question 27

any state in which cardiac output is insufficient to meet the body's metabolic needs

Answer 27

circulatory shock

Question 28

caused by inadequate pumping by the heart

Answer 28

cariogenic shock

Question 29

what causes cariogenic shock?

Answer 29

myocardial infarction (heart attack)

Question 30

cardiac output is low because too little blood is returning to the heart

Answer 30

low venous return shock (LVR)

Question 31

low blood volume due to hemorrhage, trauma, burns, dehydration

Answer 31

hypovolemic shock

Question 32

blood flow impeded when a vain is comprised by a tumor, aneurysm or other cause

Answer 32

obstructed venous return shock

Question 33

blood accumulates in the limbs instead of returning to the heart; can be due to inactivity or neurogenic shock

Answer 33

venous pooling (vascular) shock

Question 34

form of venous pooling shock that results from sudden loss of vasomotor tone, allowing the vessels to dilate

Answer 34

neurogenic shock

Question 35

bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

Answer 35

septic shock

Question 36

results from exposure to an antigen to which a person is allergic, such as bee or venom

Answer 36

anaphylactic shock

Question 37

septic shock and anaphylactic shock both included:

Answer 37

venous pooling, low venous return, capillary permeability and widespread vasodilation

Question 38

what do antigen-antibody complexes do?

Answer 38

trigger the release of histamine, causes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

Question 39

during this degree of shock, homeostasis brings about spontaneous recovery

Answer 39

compensated shock

Question 40

during this degree of shock, a life threatening positive feedback loop

Answer 40

decompensated shock

Question 41

what happens in result of decompensated shock?

Answer 41

1. low cardiac output - myocardial ischemia & infarction disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) 2. brainstem ischemica - depressed cardiac & vasomotor centers

Question 42

brief episodes of cerebral ischemia characterized by temporary dizziness, loss of vision, weakness, paralysis, headache and aphasia

Answer 42

transient ischemia attacks (TIA)

Question 43

sudden death of brain tissue caused by ischemia

Answer 43

stroke / cerebrovascular accident

Question 44

myocardial infarction can lead to __ shock

Answer 44

cariogenic

Question 45

vessels that carry blood away from the heart

Answer 45

arteries

Question 46

afferent vessels that carry blood back to the heart

Answer 46

veins

Question 47

vessels that connect the smallest arteries to the smallest veins

Answer 47

capillaries

Question 48

the walls of arteries and veins are composed of layers called what?

Answer 48

tunics

Question 49

why are arteries called "resistance vessels"?

Answer 49

because they are are a strong resilient structure

Question 50

distal to conducting arteries; lead to more specific organs or body regions

Answer 50

distributing artereis

Question 51

most distal; too variable to be named

Answer 51

small arteries

Question 52

microscopic, thin-walled vessels that connect the smallest arteriole to the smallest veins; endothelium only

Answer 52

capillaries

Question 53

these capillaries are endothelial cells joined by tight junctions and separated by intercellular clefts

Answer 53

continous capillaries

Question 54

continuous capillaries often have ___, cells with elongated tendrils that wrap around the capillary and contract consequently regulating blood flow

Answer 54

pericytes

Question 55

fenestrated capillaries have ___, which allow for the rapid passage of small molecules but still retain most proteins and larger particles in the blood stream

Answer 55

filtration pores

Question 56

endothelial cells riddle with patches of filtration pores

Answer 56

fenestrated capillaries

Question 57

are important in organs that engage in rapid absorption or filtration in the kidneys, endocrine glands, small intestine, and choroid plexuses of the brain

Answer 57

fenestrated capillaries

Question 58

which capillary conforms to the shape of the surrounding tissue?

Answer 58

sinusoids

Question 59

which capillaries have large gaps between endothelial cells?

Answer 59

sinusoids

Question 60

irregular blood filled spaces in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen

Answer 60

sinusoids

Question 61

capillaries are organized into weblike networks called

Answer 61

capillary beds

Question 62

in capillary beds supplied with met arterioles, there is a single smooth muscle cell that wraps like a cuff around the opening to each capillary; it acts as a ____ regulating blood flow

Answer 62

pre capillary sphincter

Question 63

what happens if the pre capillary sphincter is constricted?

Answer 63

capillary bed shuts down

Question 64

veins are subjected to really ____ blood pressure

Answer 64

low

Question 65

what happens to veins in a pulmonary circuit?

Answer 65

blood is freshly oxygenated & pulmonary veins traditionally illustrated in red

Question 66

what happens to veins in systemic circuit?

Answer 66

blood is relatively deoxygenated & systemic veins traditionally illustrated blue

Question 67

the smallest of the veins

Answer 67

post-capillary venules

Question 68

receive blood from the post capillary venules

Answer 68

muscular venules

Question 69

most veins with individual names are in this category of veins

Answer 69

medium veins

Question 70

many medium veins, especially in the limbs, exhibit inholdings of the tunica internal that meet in the middle of the lumen, forming ___, directed toward the heart.

Answer 70

venous valves

Question 71

these prevent back flow of blood (vascular incompetence and varicose veins)

Answer 71

venous valves

Question 72

innermost layer of a vessel wall

Answer 72

tunica interna

Question 73

middle layer of a vessel wall

Answer 73

tunica media

Question 74

the outermost layer of a vessel wall

Answer 74

tunica externa

Question 75

tunica externa contain, __ __, small blood vessels found in the walls of larger vessels; these provide nourishment and waster removal services for the tissue of the larger vessels

Answer 75

vasa vasorum

Question 76

biggest arteries that are closest to the heart

Answer 76

conducting arteries

Question 77

blood flows through 2 consecutive capillary networks before returning to the heart

Answer 77

portal system

Question 78

point of convergence between two blood vessels other than capillaries; bypass capillaries

Answer 78

anastomosis

Question 79

blood flows from an artery directly into a vein and bypasses capillaries

Answer 79

arteriovenous anastomosis aka shunt

Question 80

point where one vein empties directly into another

Answer 80

venous anastomoses

Question 81

point where 2 arteries merge; provides collateral routes of blood supply to the tissue

Answer 81

arterial anastomoses

Question 82

amount of blood flowing through an organ, tissue, or blood vessel in a given time

Answer 82

flow

Question 83

flow per given volume or mass of tissue

Answer 83

perfusion

Question 84

physical principles of blood flow, based mainly on pressure and resistance

Answer 84

hemodynamics

Question 85

- flow is a matter of pressure vs. resistance: the greater the pressure difference between two points, the greater the flow; the greater the resistance, the less the flow

Answer 85

F=△P/R

Question 86

how can blood flow be increased?

Answer 86

blood flow can be increased by increasing the pressure gradient or decreasing the resistance

Question 87

force that the blood exerts against a vessel wall

Answer 87

blood pressure

Question 88

peak arterial BP attained during ventricular contraction; minimum needed to force brachial artery open against cuff pressure

Answer 88

systolic pressure

Question 89

minimum arterial BP occurring during ventricular relaxation between heartbeats; recorded at point when brachial artery remains patent between heartbeats

Answer 89

diastolic pressure

Question 90

what is normal blood pressure?

Answer 90

120/75 mm Hg

Question 91

the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure; measure of the amount of stress places on smaller vessels by each heartbeat

Answer 91

pulse pressure

Question 92

the mean pressure you would obtain if you took measurements at several intervals throughout the cardiac cycle; measure of amount of stress placed on the blood vessels throughout the cardiac cycle

Answer 92

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

Question 93

the increasing stiffness of arteries

Answer 93

arteriosclerosis

Question 94

the growth of lipid deposits in the arterial walls

Answer 94

atherosclerosis

Question 95

high blood pressure; chronic resting blood pressure higher than 140/90

Answer 95

hypertension

Question 96

chronic low blood pressure

Answer 96

hypotension