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anatomy and physiology 2 > Chapter 20 > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Flashcards

1
Q

during pressure gradient, what is the venous pressure gradient?

A

7-13 mm Hg

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2
Q

7-13 mm HG favoring blood movement to the heart

A

pressure gradient

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3
Q

the flow of blood back to the heart

A

venous return

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4
Q

venous return is achieved by 5 mechanisms:

A
  1. pressure gradient
  2. gravity
  3. skeletal muscle pump
  4. thoracic pump
  5. cardiac suction
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5
Q

___ drains blood from the head and neck; large veins of head and neck are collapsed

A

gravity during venous return

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6
Q

___ is when the massaging of veins by muscle action; venous valves prevent back-flow

A

the skeletal muscle pump during venous return

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7
Q

___ pulls blood from abdominal to thoracic portion of inferior vena cava

A

the thoracic (respiratory) pump during venous return

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8
Q

___ expands the right atrium and pulls blood from inferior vena cava

A

cardiac suction

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9
Q

blood pressure in the veins is so __

A

low

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10
Q

downward motion of the diaphragm increases pressure in the abdominal cavity

A

inhale

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11
Q

upward motion of diaphragm increase the pressure in the thoracic cavity

A

exhale

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12
Q

the accumulation of blood

A

venous pooling

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13
Q

the accumulation of excess fluid in a tissue

A

edema

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14
Q

occurs when fluid filters into a tissue faster than it is reabsorbed

A

edema

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15
Q

CORRECT ESSAY: what do you think will happen to the rate of venous return during lifting when the thoracic cavity pressure decreases and remains when breathing is held?

A

Initially, it speeds up. But if you continue to hold breath it slows down and possibly even stop.

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16
Q

hypertensions, histamine, old age, inactivity, reduced venous return, right or left ventricular failure

A

increased capillary filtration

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17
Q

albumin deficiency, liver disease, dietary protein deficiency, kidney disease, severe burns

A

reduced capillary reabsorption

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18
Q

obstructed lymphatic vessels, surgical removal of lymph nodes

A

obstructed lymphatic drainage

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19
Q

why is the lymphatic system so important?

A

because it helps drain extra fluid

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20
Q

Why is it problematic when require to stand for long times?

A
  • CO is reduced
  • Profusion to the brain is reduced (hypoxic)
  • syncope (fainting)
  • varicose veins
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21
Q

what starts to build up in the brain during profusion?

A

carbon dioxide which leads to hydrogen ions

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22
Q

capillaries in ___ engage almost entirely in filtration

A

renal glomeruli

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23
Q

capillaries of ___ engage almost entirely in reabsorption

A

pulmonary alveoli

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24
Q

capillaries in ____ shift from reabsorption to filtration when BOP rises; muscles accumulate fluid

A

exercising muscles

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25
Q

what do traumatized tissues increase?

A

permeability and filtration

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26
Q

traumatized tissues release ____, ____, and ____

A

substance P, bradykinin, and histamine

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27
Q

any state in which cardiac output is insufficient to meet the body’s metabolic needs

A

circulatory shock

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28
Q

caused by inadequate pumping by the heart

A

cariogenic shock

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29
Q

what causes cariogenic shock?

A

myocardial infarction (heart attack)

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30
Q

cardiac output is low because too little blood is returning to the heart

A

low venous return shock (LVR)

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31
Q

low blood volume due to hemorrhage, trauma, burns, dehydration

A

hypovolemic shock

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32
Q

blood flow impeded when a vain is comprised by a tumor, aneurysm or other cause

A

obstructed venous return shock

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33
Q

blood accumulates in the limbs instead of returning to the heart; can be due to inactivity or neurogenic shock

A

venous pooling (vascular) shock

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34
Q

form of venous pooling shock that results from sudden loss of vasomotor tone, allowing the vessels to dilate

A

neurogenic shock

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35
Q

bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

A

septic shock

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36
Q

results from exposure to an antigen to which a person is allergic, such as bee or venom

A

anaphylactic shock

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37
Q

septic shock and anaphylactic shock both included:

A

venous pooling, low venous return, capillary permeability and widespread vasodilation

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38
Q

what do antigen-antibody complexes do?

A

trigger the release of histamine, causes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

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39
Q

during this degree of shock, homeostasis brings about spontaneous recovery

A

compensated shock

40
Q

during this degree of shock, a life threatening positive feedback loop

A

decompensated shock

41
Q

what happens in result of decompensated shock?

A
  1. low cardiac output - myocardial ischemia & infarction disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
  2. brainstem ischemica - depressed cardiac & vasomotor centers
42
Q

brief episodes of cerebral ischemia characterized by temporary dizziness, loss of vision, weakness, paralysis, headache and aphasia

A

transient ischemia attacks (TIA)

43
Q

sudden death of brain tissue caused by ischemia

A

stroke / cerebrovascular accident

44
Q

myocardial infarction can lead to __ shock

A

cariogenic

45
Q

vessels that carry blood away from the heart

A

arteries

46
Q

afferent vessels that carry blood back to the heart

A

veins

47
Q

vessels that connect the smallest arteries to the smallest veins

A

capillaries

48
Q

the walls of arteries and veins are composed of layers called what?

A

tunics

49
Q

why are arteries called “resistance vessels”?

A

because they are are a strong resilient structure

50
Q

distal to conducting arteries; lead to more specific organs or body regions

A

distributing artereis

51
Q

most distal; too variable to be named

A

small arteries

52
Q

microscopic, thin-walled vessels that connect the smallest arteriole to the smallest veins; endothelium only

A

capillaries

53
Q

these capillaries are endothelial cells joined by tight junctions and separated by intercellular clefts

A

continous capillaries

54
Q

continuous capillaries often have ___, cells with elongated tendrils that wrap around the capillary and contract consequently regulating blood flow

A

pericytes

55
Q

fenestrated capillaries have ___, which allow for the rapid passage of small molecules but still retain most proteins and larger particles in the blood stream

A

filtration pores

56
Q

endothelial cells riddle with patches of filtration pores

A

fenestrated capillaries

57
Q

are important in organs that engage in rapid absorption or filtration in the kidneys, endocrine glands, small intestine, and choroid plexuses of the brain

A

fenestrated capillaries

58
Q

which capillary conforms to the shape of the surrounding tissue?

A

sinusoids

59
Q

which capillaries have large gaps between endothelial cells?

A

sinusoids

60
Q

irregular blood filled spaces in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen

A

sinusoids

61
Q

capillaries are organized into weblike networks called

A

capillary beds

62
Q

in capillary beds supplied with met arterioles, there is a single smooth muscle cell that wraps like a cuff around the opening to each capillary; it acts as a ____ regulating blood flow

A

pre capillary sphincter

63
Q

what happens if the pre capillary sphincter is constricted?

A

capillary bed shuts down

64
Q

veins are subjected to really ____ blood pressure

A

low

65
Q

what happens to veins in a pulmonary circuit?

A

blood is freshly oxygenated & pulmonary veins traditionally illustrated in red

66
Q

what happens to veins in systemic circuit?

A

blood is relatively deoxygenated & systemic veins traditionally illustrated blue

67
Q

the smallest of the veins

A

post-capillary venules

68
Q

receive blood from the post capillary venules

A

muscular venules

69
Q

most veins with individual names are in this category of veins

A

medium veins

70
Q

many medium veins, especially in the limbs, exhibit inholdings of the tunica internal that meet in the middle of the lumen, forming ___, directed toward the heart.

A

venous valves

71
Q

these prevent back flow of blood (vascular incompetence and varicose veins)

A

venous valves

72
Q

innermost layer of a vessel wall

A

tunica interna

73
Q

middle layer of a vessel wall

A

tunica media

74
Q

the outermost layer of a vessel wall

A

tunica externa

75
Q

tunica externa contain, __ __, small blood vessels found in the walls of larger vessels; these provide nourishment and waster removal services for the tissue of the larger vessels

A

vasa vasorum

76
Q

biggest arteries that are closest to the heart

A

conducting arteries

77
Q

blood flows through 2 consecutive capillary networks before returning to the heart

A

portal system

78
Q

point of convergence between two blood vessels other than capillaries; bypass capillaries

A

anastomosis

79
Q

blood flows from an artery directly into a vein and bypasses capillaries

A

arteriovenous anastomosis aka shunt

80
Q

point where one vein empties directly into another

A

venous anastomoses

81
Q

point where 2 arteries merge; provides collateral routes of blood supply to the tissue

A

arterial anastomoses

82
Q

amount of blood flowing through an organ, tissue, or blood vessel in a given time

A

flow

83
Q

flow per given volume or mass of tissue

A

perfusion

84
Q

physical principles of blood flow, based mainly on pressure and resistance

A

hemodynamics

85
Q
  • flow is a matter of pressure vs. resistance: the greater the pressure difference between two points, the greater the flow; the greater the resistance, the less the flow
A

F=△P/R

86
Q

how can blood flow be increased?

A

blood flow can be increased by increasing the pressure gradient or decreasing the resistance

87
Q

force that the blood exerts against a vessel wall

A

blood pressure

88
Q

peak arterial BP attained during ventricular contraction; minimum needed to force brachial artery open against cuff pressure

A

systolic pressure

89
Q

minimum arterial BP occurring during ventricular relaxation between heartbeats; recorded at point when brachial artery remains patent between heartbeats

A

diastolic pressure

90
Q

what is normal blood pressure?

A

120/75 mm Hg

91
Q

the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure; measure of the amount of stress places on smaller vessels by each heartbeat

A

pulse pressure

92
Q

the mean pressure you would obtain if you took measurements at several intervals throughout the cardiac cycle; measure of amount of stress placed on the blood vessels throughout the cardiac cycle

A

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

93
Q

the increasing stiffness of arteries

A

arteriosclerosis

94
Q

the growth of lipid deposits in the arterial walls

A

atherosclerosis

95
Q

high blood pressure; chronic resting blood pressure higher than 140/90

A

hypertension

96
Q

chronic low blood pressure

A

hypotension

anatomy and physiology 2 (6 decks)

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