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Dental Hygiene exam 2 > Chapter 20 > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a basic exam set-up composed of

A

A mouth mirror, a regular probe, furcation probe, and explorers

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2
Q

3 parts of the mirror

A

Handle
Shank
Working end

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3
Q

Purposes and uses of the mouth mirror

A

Indirect vision, indirect illumination, transillumination, retraction

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4
Q

Indirect vision

A

Needed in surfaces where direct vision is not possible (EX. distals of posterior teeth and lingual anteriors)

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5
Q

Indirect illumination

A

Reflect light from dental light to an area in the oral cavity

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6
Q

Transillumination

A

A reflection of light through the teeth

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7
Q

Retraction

A

Mirror used to protect or prevent interference by the cheeks, tongue, or lips

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8
Q

Grasp and rest (mirror)

A

Use modified pen grasp with finger rest wherever possible
To provide stability and control
To assist in retraction

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9
Q

How to maintain clear visions with mirrors

A

Warm mirror w/ water, rub buccal muscosa to coat mirror w/ saliva, and request pt. to breathe through nose to prevent condensation of moisture on mirror.
Discard scratched mirrors

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10
Q

Why would you use air during a dental procedure

A

To improve and facilitate exam procedures

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11
Q

How does air improve and facilitate exam procedures

A

Make thorough, more accurate examination
Dry supra gingival calculus to facilitate exploring and scaling. Deposits may not be visible until dried. Dried calculus will appear chalky and there is contast in color
Deflect free gingiva tissue for observation into the subginigval area
Make identification of area of demineralization and caries easier
Recognize location and condition of restorations

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12
Q

Prepare teeth and gingiva for cetain procedures (air)

A

Application of sealants
Make impression for study cast
Apply topical anesthetic

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13
Q

Precautions when using air

A

Avoid sharp blasts of air on sensitive cervical areas of teeth or open carious lesions. Can use gauze to dry instead to avoid pt. discomfort
Avoid applying directly into pocket. Sub gingival biofilm can be forced into tissue and cause bacteremia

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14
Q

Probe

A

Used in determining diease status of the periodontal tissues

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15
Q

Types of probes

A

Traditional and automated (florida probe)

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16
Q

Probe used to

A

Assess periodontal status for preparation of treatment plan
Make a sulcus and pocket survey
Determine clinical attachment level
Make a mucogingival examination
Make other gingival determinations
Evaluate success and completeness of treatment
Evaluation at maintenance appointments

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17
Q

Assess periodontal status for preparation of treatment plan

A

Classify is it gingivitis or periodontal

Determine if there is bleeding upon probing

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18
Q

Difference between ginigvitis and periodontis

A

Gingivitis is reversible and no bone loss

Periodontis is not reversible and has bone loss

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19
Q

Make a sulcus and pocket survey

A 
Examine shape, topography, and dimensions of sulk
Measure and record depths
Evaluate tooth surface pocket wall
Chart calculus location and severity
Record other root surface irregularities
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20
Q

Make a mucogingival examination

A

Detemine relationship to gingival margin, attachhment level, mucogingival junction

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21
Q

Make other gingival determinations

A

Evaluate gingival bleeding on probing, prepare bleeding index
Measure recession
Determine consistency of tissue

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22
Q

Evaluate success and completeness of treatment

A

Evaluate post-treatment tissue response intially and at periodic maintenance exams
Identify signs of continued health

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23
Q

Evaluation at maintenance appointments

A

A re-evaluation with complete probing is needed at each maintenance appointment (every 3 months)

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24
Q

Probes have what kind of tips

A

rounded

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25
Q

Straight working end probe

A

Has smooth rounded end

Calibrated in millimeters

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26
Q

Curved working end probes

A

Nabors probe

For investigation of topography and anatomy of roots in furcation

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27
Q

Pocket

A

A diseased gingival sulcus. The use of a probe is the only accurate dependable, method to evaluate pockets

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28
Q

Pocket characteristics

A

A pocket is measure from the base of the pocket to the gingival margin
The pocket is continuous around the entire tooth
The depth varies around individual tooth
Proximal surfaces are approached by entering from the facial and lingual aspects of the tooth
Anatomic features of the tooth surface influence the direction of probing

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29
Q

What stroke do you use when probing and why

A

Walking stroke because the depth of the sulcus varies around the tooth

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30
Q

Factors that influence probing

A

The general objectives of probing are accuracy and consistency
Recordings are dependable for comparison with future probing
Patient discomfort and trauma must be minimal

31
Q

Normal healthy tissue

A

The probe is at the base of the sulcus, at the coronal end of the junctional epithelium

32
Q

Gingivitis and early perio

A

Probe tip is w/in junctional epithelium

33
Q

Advanced perio

A

Probe tips passes through the junctional epithelium to reach the attached connective tissue fibers

34
Q

Grasp for probing

A

Appropriate for maximum tactile sensitivity

35
Q

Finger rest for probing

A

On a nonmobile tooth

36
Q

Pressure applied for probing

A

only enough pressue to maintain probe against tooth surface wall of the pocket

37
Q

Probing healthy or firm tissue

A

Insertion will be more difficult because of close adaptation of tissue to the tooth

38
Q

Probing spongy, soft tissue

A

Gingival margin is loose and flabby because of destruction of underlying gingival fibers

39
Q

Fremitus

A

A vibration perceptible by palpation

40
Q

Clinical attachment level

A

Probing depth as measured from the cementoenamel junction to the location of the probe tip at the coronal level of attached periodontal tissues

41
Q

Atomic variations

A

tooth contours, furcations, contact areas, anomalies

42
Q

Interferences

A

Calculus, irregular margins of restorations, fixed prosthesis

43
Q

Accessibility, visisbility

A

Obstructed by bleeding tissue, macroglossia, or pt, unable to open very wide

44
Q

Probing depth

A

the distance from the gingival margin to the location of the periodontal probe tip at the base of the sulcus

45
Q

How many measurements do you take for each tooth when probing

A

six; 3 from the facial and 3 from the lingual

46
Q

Teeth with 2 roots (bifurcation)

A

Mandibular molars
Maxillary first molars
Primary mandibular molars

47
Q

Teeth with 3 roots (trifurcation)

A

Maxillary molars

Maxillary primary molars

48
Q

Best probe available for checking furca areas

A

Nabers probe

49
Q

Working end for explorers

A

Slender, wire like, metal tip, with a sharp point

Design - single or paired end

50
Q

Shank for explorers

A

Straight, curved, or angulated

51
Q

Handle for explorers

A

Lightweight for increased tactile sensitivity

Can be single-ended or double-ended

52
Q

Subgingival explorer

A

for subgingival examination of calculus

53
Q

Sickle or Shepherds hook

A

used for examining pits and fissures and subragingival smooth surfaces; examining surf. and margins of restorations and sealants. not for subgingival areas

54
Q

Pigtail or cowhorn

A

Used in proximal surfaces for calculus, caries, or margins of restorations

55
Q

Tactile

A

Sensations pass through the instrument to fingers and hand to the brain for registration and action
May be result of catching on an over contoured restoration, dropping into carious lesion, hookinh edge of restoration, elevated deposit, or simply rough surface.

56
Q

Auditory

A

Explorer or probe move over surface of enamel, cementum, metal rest, plastic rest, or any irregularity or tooth structure with each contact a sound may be heard

57
Q

Subragingival calculus

A

Genrerally localized
Commonly confined to lingual surfaces mandibular anterior and facial surfaces of maxillary first and second molars, opposite salivary ducts

58
Q

Subgingival calculus

A

Either localized or generalized

59
Q

N

A

Normal

60
Q

1

A

Slight - greater than normal

61
Q

2

A

Moderate - Greater than 1mm

62
Q

3

A

Severe - may move in all directions

63
Q

Radiographic examination

A

Radiographs provide essential information to aid and supplement clinical findings

64
Q

Normal bone level

A

The crest of interdental bone appears from 1.0 to 1.5 mm from the CEJ

65
Q

Bone level in periodontal disease

A

Height of bone is lowered progressively as inflamation is extended and bone is destroyed

66
Q

Horizontal bone loss

A

When the crest of the bone is parallel with a line between the CEJ of two adjacent teeth

67
Q

Angular or vertical bone loss

A

Reduction in height of crestal bone that is irregular; bone level is not parallel with a line joining the adjacent CEJ

68
Q

Normal lamina dura

A

White, radiopaque; continuous with and connects the lamina dura about the roots of two adjacent teeth

69
Q

Evidence of disease in the lamina dura

A

Radiolucent area in the furcation

70
Q

Normal PDL

A

In a radiograph it appears as a fine black radiolucent line next to the root surface

71
Q

Diseased PDL

A

The ligament space widens or thickens. It widens only near the coronal 1/3 near the crest or the interdental bone

72
Q

Calculus

A

Gross deposits, primarily on proximal surfaces, may be seen in radiographs

73
Q

Overhanding restorations

A

Some proximal overhanging margins may be seen on radiographs

Dental Hygiene exam 2 (1 decks)

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