Chapter 20 Flashcards

(36 cards)

1
Q

What are the 3 type of blood vessels?

A

Arteries:
- Carry blood AWAY from heart
Veins:
- carry blood TO heart
Capillaries:
- networks BETWEEN arteries and veins

exchange vessels - both oxygenated and deoxygenated

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2
Q

Capillaries

A
  • Also called exchange vessels
  • Exchange materials between blood and tissues
  • Dissolved gases, nutrients, wastes
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3
Q

Anatomy of the Heart

A
  • Great veins and arteries at the base
  • pointed tip is apex
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4
Q

what are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

A

Epicardium:
- outer layer

Myocardium
- middle layer

Endocardium:
- inner layer

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5
Q

The Vena Cava

A

Delivers systemic circulation to right atrium
- Superior vena cava: RECEIVES blood from head, neck, upper limb, and chest
- Inferior vena cava: RECEIVES blood from trunk, and viscera, lower limbs

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6
Q

Coronary Sinus

A

Cardiac veins RETURN blood to coronary sinus
- Coronary sunus open into right atrium

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7
Q

Foramen Ovale

A
  • before birth, is an opening through interatrial spectrum
  • connects the 2 atria
  • seals off at birth, forming fossa ovalis
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8
Q

The Heart valves

A

one-way valves prevent backflow during contraction

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9
Q

Regurgitation

A

Failure of Valves
- causes backflow of blood into atria

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10
Q

Coronary circulation

A

Coronary arteries and cardiac veins
- supplies blood to muscle tissue of heart

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11
Q

Right Coronary Artery

A

supplies blood to;
-right atrium
-portions of both ventricles
-cells of sinoatrial (SA) and atrioventricular nodes
-marginal arteries (surface of right ventricle)

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12
Q

Left Coronary Artery

A

Supplies blood to:
- left ventricle
- left atrium
- interventricular septum

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13
Q

The Conducting System

A

A system of specialized cardiac muscle cells:
- initiates and distributes electrical impulses that stimulate contraction

automaticity ( doesn’t need nerves from the brain to make heart beat)
- cardiac muscle tissue contracts automatically

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14
Q

Structures of conducting system

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node
- atrioventricular (AV) node
- conducting cells

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15
Q

Conducting Cells

A
  • interconnect SA and AV nodes
  • Distribute stimulus through myocardium
  • in the atrium:
    internodal pathways
  • in the ventricles:
    AV bundles and bundle branches
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16
Q

The conducting system

A

Starts
1. sinoatrial (SA) nodes
2. Internodal pathways
3. Atrioventricular (AV) node
4. AV bundle
5. Bundle branches
6. Purkinje fiber (smallest)

17
Q

Heart Rate

A

SA nodes generate 80-100 potentials per minute
- parasympathetic stimulation slows heart rate
- AV nodes generates 40-60 action potentials per minute

18
Q

Abnormal Pacemaker Function

A

Bradycardia:
- abnormally slow heart rate
Tachycardia:
- abnormally fast heart rate

19
Q

The cardiac cycle

A
  • the period between the start of 1 heartbeat and the beginning of the next
  • includes contraction and relaxation
20
Q

2 Phases of the cardiac cycle

A

within any 1 chamber:
- systole (contraction)
- diastole (relaxation)

21
Q

Blood Pressure

A

In any chamber:
- rises during systole
- falls during diastole
Blood flows from high to low pressure:
- controlled by timing of contractions
- directed by one-way valves

22
Q

4 phases of the cardiac cycle

A
  1. Atrial systole
  2. Atrial diastole
  3. Ventricular systole
  4. Ventricular diastole
23
Q

4 Heart sounds

A

s1:
- loud sounds
- produced by AV valves
s2:
- loud sounds
- produced by semilunar valves
s3:
- soft sounds
- blood flow into ventricles and atrial contraction

24
Q

Cardiac Output

A
  • Cardiac output (CO) ml/min =
  • Heart rate (HR) beats/min
  • Stroke volume (SV) ml/beat
25
Cardiodynamics
movement and force generated by cardiac contractions
26
important cardio dynamics terms (Equation)
End-diastolic volume (EDV) End-systolic volume (ESV) Stroke volume (SV) SV= EDV - ESV
27
important cardio dynamics terms
Ejection fraction: - the % of EDV represented by SV Cardiac output (CO): - the volume pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute
28
Stroke Volume
Volume (ml) of blood ejected per beat
29
Autonomic Innervation (1 of 4)
Cardiac plexuses: - innervate heart Vagus nerve(x): - carry parasympathetic preganglionic fibers to small ganglia in the cardiac plexus
30
Autonomic Innervation (2 of 4)
cardiac centers of medulla oblongata: cardioacceleratory center: - controls sympathetic neurons (increase heart rate) cardioinhibitory center: - controls parasympathetic neurons (slow heart rate) - both regulated by hypothalamus
31
Autonomic Innervation (3 of 4)
Cardiac reflexes: - cardiac centers monitor: -- baroreceptors (blood pressure) -- chemoreceptors (arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide levels) - cardiac centers adjust cardiac activity
32
Autonomic Innervation (4 of 4)
Autonomic tone: - dual innervation maintains resting tone by releasing Ach and NE - fine adjustments meet needs of other systems
33
Hormonal Effects on Heart Rate
Increasing heart rate (by sympathetic stimulation of SA node): - epinephrine (E) - norepinephrine (NE) - thyroid hormone
34
EDV, Preload, and Stroke Volume
At rest: - EDV is low - myocardium stretches less - stroke volume is low with exercise: - EDV increases - myocardium stretches more - stroke volume increases
35
End-Systolic Volume (ESV)
The amount of blood that remains in the ventricle at end of ventricular systole is the ESV
36
3 factors that Affect ESV
1. Preload: - degree of ventricular stretching during diastole (the greater than EDV, the greater the preload) 2. Contractility: - force produced during contraction, at a given preload 3. Afterload: - tension the ventricle produces to open the semilunar valve and eject blood