Chapter 2 vocabulary Flashcards
demography
the scientific study of population characteristics
demographic region
identifying a specific area for the purpose of studying population
demographic equation
formula for calculating a region’s population change:
births - deaths) + (immigration - emigration
overpopulation
when the number of people exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living
underpopulation
situation in which a country (or other region) has a population which has declined too much to support its current economic situation (NOT simply the opposite of “overpopulation”)`
census
a complete enumeration of a population
ecumene
the portion of earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement
carrying capacity
in comparison to available technology and resources at a given time, the maximum number of people that can live is a specified area without causing damage to overall productivity/sustainability
standard of living
quality and quantity of goods and services available to people and the way they are distributed within a population
arithmetic density
the total number of objects in an area
physiological density
the number of people supported by a unit area of arable land
agricultural density
the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land
crude birth rate (CBR) (aka natality)
the total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
crude death rate (CDR)
the total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
natural increase rate (NIR)
the percentage by which a population grows in a year
doubling time
the number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural
total fertility rate
the average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years
population pyramid (Age-sex diagrams)
a bar graph that displays the percentage of a places population for each age and gender
age distribution
percentage of the total population, or of each gender specifically, at each age level
cohort
a group of individuals who share a common demographic experience: on a population pyramid the cohorts are shown by common age ranges
dependency ratio
the number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years
sex ratio
the number of males per 100 females in the population
gendered space
those places into which only one gender can go or in which only one is expected to go
demographic transition
a process of change in a society’s population from high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and higher total population
demographic transition model: stage two
rapidly declining death rates and very high birth rates produced very high natural increase
population explosion
sudden increase or burst in the population; can be a regional or more global change
industrial revolution
a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods
medical revolution
medical technology invented in Europe and North America that has diffused to the poorer countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa
demographic transition model: stage three
CDR continues to fall but at a much slower rate, the population continues to grow because the CBR is still greater than the CDR
demographic transition model: stage four
the CBR declines to the point where it equals the CDR and the NIR approaches zero
zero population growth
a decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero
thomas malthus
the first to argue that the world’s rate of population increase was outrunning the development of food supplies
neo-malthusians
argue that characteristics of recent population growth makes Malthus’ thesis frightening
demographic transition model: stage five
low CBR, increasing CDR, and a negative NIR
one child policy
a couple needs a permit to have a child. couples received financial subsidies, a long maternity leave, better housing and (in rural areas) more land if they agreed to have just one child
demographic momentum
phenomenon in which the overall population continues to grow despite declining crude birth and total fertility rates
epidemiologic transition
focuses on distinctive health threats in each stage of the demographic transition
epidemiology
the branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a particular time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected place
epidemiologic transition model: stage one
infectious and parasitic diseases were principal causes of human deaths, along with accidents and attacks by animals and other humans
epidemiologic transition model: stage two
receding pandemics because improved sanitation, nutrition, and medicine during the industrial revolution reduced the spread of infectious diseases
pandemic
a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population
Dr. John Snow
a british physician who created a handmade GIS
epidemiologic transition model: stage three
characterized by a decrease in deaths from infectious diseases and an increase in chronic disorders associated with aging
life expectancy (aka mortality)
the average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions
epidemiologic transition model: stage four
the stage of delayed degenerative diseases
epidemiologic transition model: stage five
CDR rises because more of the population is elderly
infant mortality rate (IMR)
the annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age, compared with total live births
