chapter 2 vocab Flashcards

1
Q

theory

A

an organized set of concepts that explains a phenomenon or set of phenomena

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2
Q

determinism

A

the doctrine that all events- physical, behavioral & mental - are determind by specific causal factors that are potentially known

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3
Q

causal factors

A

limited to indiv environment or within the person

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4
Q

hypothesis

A

a tentative/testable explanation of the relationship between variables … a prediction of sorts

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5
Q

observer bias

A

the distortion of evidence b/c of the personal motives & expectations of the viewer

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6
Q

standardization

A

a set of uniform procedures for treatcing each test participant , interview/or for recording data. GUIDELINES !!! “TO STANDARD”

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7
Q

operational definition

A

a defintion of a variable or condition in terms of the specific operation or procedure used to determine its presence

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8
Q

variable

A

duh

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9
Q

independent variable

A

a variable that the researcher MANIPULATES w/ the expecttation on having an impact of the values of the dependent variable

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10
Q

DEpendent variable

A

a variable that the researchers MEASURES to assess the impact of a varitiation in an independent variable

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11
Q

experimental method

A

research methodology that involves the manipulation of independet variables to determine their effects on the DEpendent variable

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12
Q

CONFOUNDING variable

A

a stimulus other thant the variable on the experimenter explicitly introduces into a research setting that affects participants behavior

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13
Q

expectancy effect

A

result that occurs when a researcher or observer sublty communicates to participants the kind of behavioe he or she expects to find, therby creating the expected results

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14
Q

placebo effect

A

change of behavior w/o no experimental manipulation

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15
Q

control procedure

A

consistent procedure for giving instructions, scoring responses and holding all other variables constant except those being systematically varied

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16
Q

double-blind control

A

an experimental technique in which biased expectations of experimenter are elimanted by keeping both participants and experimental assistants unaware of which participants have received which treatemetn

17
Q

placebo control

A

an experimental condition which treatment is not adminstreted, used to see where a placebo effect might occur

18
Q

between-subjects design

A

a research design in which different groups of participants are randomly assigned to experiemental conditions or to control condtions

19
Q

random assignment

A

a procedure in which diff groups of participants have an equal likelihood of being assigned to any condition within an experiment

20
Q

experimental group

A

a group in an an experiment that is exposed to treatment/manipullation of the indepdent variable

21
Q

control group

A

a group in an exp that is NOT exposed to a treatment or does not exp a mnaipulation of the ind variable

22
Q

population

A

the entire set of indiv to which generalizations will be made based on an exp sample

23
Q

sample

A

a subset of the population

24
Q

representative sample

A

a subset of the population that represents the overall characteristics of the population

25
random sampling
a procedure that ensures that every member of a population has an equal likelihood of participating in an exp
26
within-subjects design
a research design that uses each participant as his/her own control; for example, the behavior of an exp. participant before receiving treatment might be compared to their behavior after treatment
27
correlational method
research methodologt that determines to what extent two variables, tratis or attributes are related
28
correlation coefficient (r)
a statisticc that indicates the degree of relationship between two variables correlations near zero = weak relationship
29
positive correlation coefficient
as one set of scores increase, another set of scores increase
30
negative correlation coefficient
the second set of scores goes in the opp directions of the first set of score
31
reliability
the degree to which a test produces similar scores each time it is used / stability STANDARD consistency of scores produced by an instrument
32
validity
the extent to which a test measures what it was intdend to measure
33
self-report measure
a self-behavior that is indentified through a participant's own observations and reports
34
behavioral measure
overt actions or reaction that is observed and recorded, exclusive of self-reported behavior
35
naturalistic observation
a research technique in wwhich unobtrusive observations are made of behaviors that occur in nat'l environments
36
case study
intensive observation of a particular indiv. or small group of indiv.