Chapter 2 Vocab

Question 1

Glucose Tolerance Test

Answer 1

A test of a body’s ability to metabolize glucose by giving someone glucose to someone who is fasting. Used to detect diabetes

Question 2

Homeostasis

Answer 2

Maintaining stable internal conditions

Question 3

Hormone

Answer 3

A product of living cells that circulated in blood a produces a specific effect on the cells

Question 4

Insulin

Answer 4

A protein hormone secreted by the pancreas essential for metabolism of carbs and regulation of glucose levels in the blood.

Question 5

Negative Feedback

Answer 5

A primary mechanism of homeostasis when a bodily level is too high and the body counteracts it

Question 6

Positive feedback

Answer 6

Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increases its output

Question 7

Type 1 Diabetes

Answer 7

Childhood genetic insulin deficiency

Question 8

Type 2 Diabetes

Answer 8

High blood glucose levels caused by bad lifestyle choices, usually in adults

Question 9

Solvent

Answer 9

The liquid something dissolves into. Water is a solvent

Question 10

Solute

Answer 10

A dissolvable substance like salt

Question 11

Solution

Answer 11

A liquid that is an even mixture of two or more substances

Question 12

Osmosis

Answer 12

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration

Question 13

Isotonic

Answer 13

Having the same solute concentration as another solution

Question 14

Hypotonic

Answer 14

In comparing two solutions it is the one with a lower solute concentration

Question 15

Hypoglycemia

Answer 15

Abnormal decrease of blood sugar

Question 16

Hypertonic

Answer 16

In comparing two solutions, it is the one with great solute concentration

Question 17

Hyperglycemia

Answer 17

An excess of sugar in the blood

Question 18

Hemoglobin A1c

Answer 18

A test measuring the hemoglobin A1c in the blood as a means of determining the average blood sugar concentrations for the preceding 2-3 months

Question 19

Glucagon

Answer 19

A protein hormone that raises blood glucose levels. Antagonistic to insulin

Question 20

Protein

Answer 20

A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids

Question 21

Polysaccharide

Answer 21

A polymer of thousands of simple sugars formed by dehydration synthesis

Question 22

Polymer

Answer 22

A large molecule consisting of many repeating chemical units or molecules linked together

Question 23

Nutrient

Answer 23

A substance that is needed by the body to maintain life and health

Question 24

Monosaccharide

Answer 24

A simple sugar molecule like glucose or fructose, the most simple type of sugar.

Question 25

Monomer

Answer 25

The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer

Question 26

Molecule

Answer 26

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

Question 27

Macromolecule

Answer 27

A type of giant molecule formed by joining smaller molecules which includes proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids

Question 28

Lipid

Answer 28

One day of a family of compounds including fats, phospholipids, and steroids that is insoluble in water

Question 29

Ionic bond

Answer 29

A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions

Question 30

Hydrolysis

Answer 30

A chemical process that splits a molecule by adding water

Question 31

Glucose

Answer 31

A monomer of carbohydrate, a simple sugar

Question 32

Element

Answer 32

The smallest particle of a substance that retains all the properties of the substance

Question 33

Disaccharide

Answer 33

A double sugar molecule made of two monosaccharides bonded together through dehydration synthesis

Question 34

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 34

A chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule

Question 35

Covalent bond

Answer 35

A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons

Question 36

Compound

Answer 36

A substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio

Question 37

Chemical Reaction

Answer 37

Chemical transformation or change the interaction of chemicals

Question 38

Chemical indicator

Answer 38

A substance that visually indicates the presences of an acid base or other chemical

Question 39

Chemical Bond

Answer 39

An attractive force that holds together the atoms, ions, or groups of atoms in a compound or molecule

Question 40

Carbohydrate

Answer 40

A sugar in the form of a monosaccharide, disaccharide or polysaccharide

Question 41

Calorie

Answer 41

Energy content of food

Question 42

Amino acid

Answer 42

An organic monomer which serves as a building block of proteins

Question 43

Adenosine Tri-Phosphate ATP

Answer 43

A compound composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups that supplies energy for many biochemical cellular processes by undergoing enzymatic hydrolysis