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History of Psychology > Chapter 2 vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 2 vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

According to Aristotle, the faculty of the soul that searches for the essences or abstract concepts that manifest themselves in the empirical world; Aristotle thought that this part of the soul was immortal

A

Active reason

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2
Q

Plato’s description of individuals who live their lives in accordance with the shadows of reality provided by sensory experience instead of in accordance with the true reality beyond the sensory experience

A

Allegory of the cave

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3
Q

Postulated an infinite number of elements (seeds) from which everything is made; he believed that everything contains all the elements and that a thing’s identity is determined by which elements predominate. An exception is the mind, which contains no other element but may combine with other elements, thereby creating life

A

Anaxagoras (ca. 500-428 BC)

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4
Q

Suggested the infinite or boundless as the physis and formulated a rudimentary theory of evolution

A

Anaximander (ca. 610-547 BC)

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5
Q

The belief that everything in nature is alive

A

Animism

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6
Q

Believed sensory experience to be the basis of all knowledge, although the five senses and the common sense provided only the information from which knowledge could be derived; also believed that everything in nature had within it an entelechy (purpose) that determined its potential; active reason, which was considered the immortal part of the human soul, provided humans with their greatest potential, and therefore fully actualized humans engage in active reason; because everything was thought to have a cause, he postulated an unmoved mover that caused everything in the world but was not itself caused

A

Aristotle

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7
Q

The philosophical belief that mental phenomena, such as learning, remembering, and imagining, can be explained in terms of the laws of association

A

Associationism

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8
Q

According to Heraclitus, the state of everything in the universe; nothing is static and unchanging; rather, everything in the universe is dynamic

A

Becoming

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9
Q

Something that is unchanging and thus, in principle, is capable of being known with certainty. This implies stability and certainty

A

Being

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10
Q

According to Aristotle, the faculty located in the heart that synthesizes the information provided by the five senses

A

Common sense

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11
Q

Offered atoms as the physis; everything in nature, including humans, was explained in terms of atoms and their activities; his was the first completely materialistic view of the world and of humans

A

Democritus (ca. 460-370 BC)

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12
Q

According to Aristotle, the force that transforms a thing

A

Efficient cause

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13
Q

A tiny replication that some early Greek philosophers thought emanated from the surfaces of things in the environment, allowing the things to be perceived

A

Eidola (plural, eidolon)

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14
Q

Postulated earth, fire, air, and water as the four basic elements from which everything is made and two forces, love and strife, that alternately synthesize and separate those elements; he was also the first philosopher to suggest a theory of perception, and he offered a theory of evolution that emphasized a rudimentary form of natural selection

A

Empedocles (ca. 490-430 BC)

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15
Q

According to Aristotle, the purpose for which a thing exists, which remains a potential until actualized; active reason, for example, is the human “this,” but it exists only as a potential in many humans

A

Entelechy

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16
Q

That indispensable characteristic of a thing that gives it its unique identity

A

Essence

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17
Q

According to Aristotle, the purpose for which a thing exists

A

Final cause

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18
Q

According to Aristotle, the form of a thing

A

Formal cause

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19
Q

According to Plato, the pure, abstract realities that are unchanging and timeless and therefore knowable. Such forms create imperfect manifestations of themselves when they interact with matter. It is these imperfect manifestations of the forms that are the objects of our sense impressions

A

Forms

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20
Q

Associated each of Hippocrates’ four humors with a temperament, thus creating a rudimentary theory of personality

A

Galen (ca. 130-200 AD)

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21
Q

The rule Aristotle suggested people follow to avoid excesses and to live and life of moderation

A

Golden mean

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22
Q

A Sophist who believed the only reality a person can experience is his or her subjective reality and that this reality can never be accurately communicated with another individual

A

Gorgias (ca. 485-380 BC)

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23
Q

Suggested fire as the physis because in its presence nothing remains the same; viewed the world as in a constant state of flux and thereby raised the question as to what could be known with certainty [“Can’t step into the same river twice”]

A

Heraclitus (ca. 540-480 BC)

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24
Q

Considered the father of modern medicine because he assumed that disease had natural causes, not supernatural ones; health prevails when the four humors of the body are in balance, disease when there is an imbalance; the physician’s task was to facilitate the body’s natural tendency to heal itself

A

Hippocrates (ca. 460-377 BC)

25
Q

According to Aristotle, the pondering of images retained from past experiences

A

Imagination

26
Q

The technique used by Socrates that examined many individual examples of a concept to discover what they all had in common

A

Inductive reasoning

27
Q

The careful examination of one’s subjective experiences

A

Introspection

28
Q

A thought of something will tend to cause thoughts of things that are usually experienced along with it

A

Law of contiguity

29
Q

A thought of something will tend to cause thoughts of opposite things

A

Law of contrast

30
Q

In general, the more often events are experienced together, the stronger they become associated in memory

A

Law of frequency

31
Q

A thought of something will tend to cause thoughts of similar things

A

Law of similarity

32
Q

Those laws thought responsible for holding mental events together in memory; for Aristotle, the laws of association consisted of the laws of contiguity, contrast, similarity, and frequency

A

Laws of association

33
Q

According to Aristotle, what a thing is made of

A

Material cause

34
Q

The belief that because what is considered true varies from person to person, any search for universal (interpersonal) truth will fail; in other words, there is no one truth, only truths

A

Nihilism

35
Q

Believed that the world was solid, fixed, and motionless and therefore that all apparent change or motion was an illusion

A

Parmenides (born ca. 515 BC)

36
Q

According to Aristotle, the practical utilization of the information provided by the common sense

A

Passive reason

37
Q

A primary substance or element from which everything is thought to be derived

A

Physis

38
Q

First disciple of Socrates, came under the influence of the Pythagoreans, and postulated the existence of an abstract world of forms or ideas that, when manifested in matter, make up the objects in the empirical world; the only true knowledge is that of the forms, a knowledge that can be gained only by reflecting on the innate contents of the soul; sensory experience interferes with the attainment of knowledge and should be avoided

A

Plato (csa. 427-347 BC)

39
Q

A Sophist who taught that “Man is the measure of all things”; in other words, what is considered true varies with a person’s personal experiences; therefore, there is no objective truth, only individual versions of what is true

A

Protagoras (ca. 485-410 BC)

40
Q

Believed that an abstract world consisting of numbers and numerical relationships exerted an influence on the physical world; he created a dualistic view of humans by saying that in addition to our body, we have a mind (soul), which through reasoning could understand the abstract world of numbers; furthermore, he believed the human soul to be immortal; Pythagoras’ philosophy had a major influence on Plato and, through Christianity, on the entire Western world

A

Pythagoras (ca. 580-500 BC)

41
Q

According to Aristotle, the soul possessed only by humans; it incorporates the functions of the vegetative and sensitive soul and allows thinking about events in the empirical world (passive reason) and the abstraction of the concepts that characterize events in the empirical world (active reason)

A

Rational soul

42
Q

For Aristotle, the active mental search for the recollection of past experiences

A

Recall

43
Q

The attempt to explain objects or events in one domain by using terminology, concepts, laws, or principles from another domain, like explaining human behavior and cognition (domain 1) in terms of biochemical principles (domain 2); in a sense, it can be said that events in domain 1 are reduced to events in domain 2

A

Reductionism

44
Q

For Aristotle, the passive recollection of past experiences

A

Remembering

45
Q

Plato’s belief that knowledge is attained by remembering the experiences the soul had when it dwelled among the forms before entering the body

A

Reminiscence theory of knowledge

46
Q

Aristotle’s description of nature as being arranged in a hierarchy from formless matter to the unmoved mover; in this grand design, the only thing higher than humans was the unmoved mover

A

Scala naturae

47
Q

According to Aristotle, the soul possessed by animals; it includes the functions provided by the vegetative soul and provides the ability to interact with the environment and to retain the information gained from that interaction

A

Sensitive soul

48
Q

Disagreed with the Sophists’ contention that there is no discernible truth beyond individual opinion’ he believed that by examining a number of individual manifestations of a concept, the general concept itself could be defined clearly and precisely; these general definitions are stable and knowable and, when known, generate moral behavior

A

Socrates (ca. 470-399 BC)

49
Q

The belief that a person’s subjective reality is the only reality that exists and can be known

A

Solipsism

50
Q

A group of philosopher-teachers who believed that “truth” was what people thought it to be; to convince others that something is true, one needs effective communication skills, and it was those skills that these people taught

A

Sophists

51
Q

The belief that nature is purposive; Aristotle’s philosophy was based in this

A

Teleology

52
Q

The type of medicine practiced by priests in early Greek history; was characterized by superstition and magic; individuals such as Alcmaeon and Hippocrates severely criticized this and were instrumental in displacing such practices with naturalistic medicine–that is, medicine that sought natural causes of disorders rather than supernatural causes

A

Temple medicine

53
Q

Often called the first philosopher because he emphasized natural instead of supernatural explanations of things; by encouraging the critical evaluation of his ideas and those others, he is thought ot have started the golden age of Greek philosophy; he believed water to be the primary element from which everything else was derived

A

Thales (ca. 625-547 BC)

54
Q

Plato’s contention that ultimate reality consists of abstract ideas or forms that correspond to all objects in the empirical world; knowledge of these abstractions is innate and can be attained only through introspection

A

Theory of forms

55
Q

According to Aristotle, that which gave nature its purpose, or final cause, but was itself uncaused; in Aristotle’s philosophy, this was a logical necessity

A

Unmoved mover

56
Q

The soul possessed by plants; it only allows growth, the intake of nutrition, and reproduction

A

Vegetative soul

57
Q

Believed people created gods in their own image; noted that darkskinned people created dark-skinned gods, likewise for light-skinned people; speculated that the gods created by non-human animals would resemble these animals; postulated that the existence of one all-powerful god without human characteristics, but warned that all beliefs are suspect, even his own

A

Xenophanes (ca. 560-478 BC)

58
Q

A disciple of Parmenedes known for his clever examples and fables (like “his” Paradox)

A

Zeno of Elea (ca. 495-430 BC)

59
Q

The assertion that in order for an object to pass from point A to point B, it must first traverse half the distance between those two points, and then half the remaining distance, and so forth; because this process must occur an infinite number of times, this person concluded that an object could logically never reach point B

A

Zeno’s paradox

History of Psychology (7 decks)

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