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Utility Specialist Arboriculture > Chapter 2: Vegetation Management > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Vegetation Management Flashcards

1
Q

momentary interruptions

A

loss of electricity supply for small amounts of time that result from the fuses opening and then closing again as a result of the voltage changes not large enough to completely shut down the power

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2
Q

sustained interruptions

A

loss of power supply for a prolonged period ranging from a few minutes to hours or days; fairly long periods without power

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3
Q

energized conductors

A

conductors through which electricity is flowing

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4
Q

customer minutes lost

A

CML; a measure of the performance of a utility in terms of the length of time customers are off line as a result of a service interruption; it is simply the length of the interruption in minutes times the number of customers off line

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5
Q

system average interruption frequency index

A

SAIFI; a measure of the number of interruptions that occur on a utility’s system

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6
Q

customer average interruption duration index

A

CAIDI; a measure of how long customers have been without power over a given period of time

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7
Q

What are the ways that regulating agencies assess the performance of utilities in terms of outage frequency and outage duration?

A

customer minutes lost (CML), system average interruption frequency index (SAIFI), and customer average interruption duration index (CAIDI)

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8
Q

vegetation management

A

the control of wanted and unwanted vegetation on utility rights-of-way for various objectives

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9
Q

transmission line

A

conductors used to transmit electricity from the generating station to the distribution network that usually carry voltages in excess of 100,000 volts

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10
Q

distribution line

A

electricity lines that carry the power that is to be delivered to customers

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11
Q

How much does the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) estimate that electric utilities in the United States spend annually on vegetation management?

A

billions of dollars

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12
Q

What are the benefits of proper cost-effective vegetation management?

A

Hold or reduce maintenance costs while minimizing service interruptions and maximizing public and worker safety.

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13
Q

How is managing vegetation different than the engineering or hardware components of the system?

A

trees are dynamic, they change and grow over time, and the growth rate, form, and habit for every tree species are different and every individual tree is constantly changing; pylons, towers, poles, transformers, and conductors are static, they do not grow, change size, or change shape.

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14
Q

principles for successful and comprehensive vegetation management programs

A
  • constant yet flexible to respond effectively to natural variability
  • long-term commitment from upper management
  • proactive rather than reactive
  • utilize proper arboricultural practices to minimize costs and maximize clearance effectiveness
  • based on the principles of integrated vegetation management (IVM) for efficiency and environmental sustainability and stewardship
  • sound and efficient record-keeping system that facilitates managing productivity and measuring long-term success
  • designed, administered, and supervised by professionals with sound arboriculture knowledge, experience, and technical expertise
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15
Q

right-of-way

A

area of land under and just adjacent to overhead conductors over which the utility has a negotiated right to enter and maintain vegetation when required

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16
Q

integrated vegetation management

A

IVM; a process in which vegetation is pruned or removed using a variety or combination of methods including pruning, herbicides, mowing, and biological control

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17
Q

How does IVM manage right-of-way vegetation?

A
  • Problem trees and vegetation are identified
  • Action thresholds are considered
  • Various management options are evaluated
  • Selected management treatments are implemented
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18
Q

What are the types of IVM management options?

A

biological, chemical, cultural, manual, and mechanical techniques

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19
Q

How do you choose the type of IVM techniques to use?

A

choice based on effectiveness, environmental impact, site characteristics, worker and public health and safety concerns, and economics

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20
Q

What is the desired outcome of IVM?

A

sustainable shrub-grass-forb communities that do not interfere with overhead power lines, pose a fire hazard, or hamper access; creates an ecosystem of low-growing plant communities such as grasses, herbs, forbs, wildflowers, and shrubs; provide natural habitat for rare and endangered plants

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21
Q

Benefits of IVM

A

low-growing vegetation can eventually dominate the right-of-way and inhibit tall-growing vegetation, thus providing cultural and biological management of right-of-way incompatible species and reducing the need for future treatments; reduced erosion; enhanced plant diversity; sustainable supply of forage and cover for wildlife; corridors for wildlife movement and wildlife viewing opportunities

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22
Q

What is the first step in vegetation management?

A

obtaining detailed information on the tree and brush workload to be managed; vegetation can be managed only when the extent and nature of the situation are known

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23
Q

brush

A

tall-growing trees less than some defined minimum diameter, often 4 inches

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24
Q

survey

A

a method to determine vegetation conditions throughout the system

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25
Q

inventory

A

a list of trees and vegetation present on the system

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26
Q

100% inventory

A

catalogs all the vegetation conditions on the entire overhead network; requires counting every tree and area of brush on the system

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27
Q

Pros and Cons of 100% inventory

A

Pro: most accurate approach
Con: very time consuming and expensive

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28
Q

statistically valid, random sample survey

A

can accurately project the workloads at a much lower cost than a 100% inventory; involves surveying sections of a larger system and collecting enough data to facilitate accurate projections of the entire system

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29
Q

What is a common level of accuracy used in utility vegetation surveys?

A

+/- 10% at a 90% level of confidence; which means if a survey projects an estimated total of 500,000 trees, one can be 90% confident that the actual figure is between 450,000 and 550,000 trees; if a higher level of confidence is required then more system sites must be surveyed

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30
Q

high-voltage lines

A

lines with voltages greater than a specified amount, depending on the utility; typically in excess of 480 volts

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31
Q

low-voltage lines

A

the measure of electrical potential, which is not greater than 1,000 volts between phases

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32
Q

Any management based on inadequate or inaccurate information can only be what?

A

Reactive; responding only to problems and not addressing the problem at the core

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33
Q

cycle

A

the length of time between each maintenance pruning for a given circuit or area; management and budgeting tool to guide the program; may be adjusted - should be flexible

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34
Q

How to determine the pruning cycle?

A

frequency of pruning operations must be based on the growth rates of the common species and the clearances that can reasonably be achieved while adhering to appropriate arboricultural practices; knowing the species composition and their regrowth rates following pruning is essential for establishing pruning cycle frequency for specific clearance distances

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35
Q

When does the traditional cycle schedule maintenance?

A

just before trees begin to grow into the conductors, increasing reliability, safety, and effectiveness of previous maintenance expenditures

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36
Q

How to schedule vegetation management operations in a cost-effective way?

A

on a circuit or geographic area basis

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37
Q

conventional multiyear cycle

A

cycle (length of time between pruning events) based on growth rates and achievable clearances that presumes that trees, once pruned, will continue to grow toward and into the conductors at a predictable rate

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38
Q

Pros and Cons of conventional multiyear cycle pruning

A

Pros: generally the easiest to manage; allows the utility to allot the appropriate level of funding so that all the trees and vegetation on the system will be maintained within the length of the cycle
Cons: not necessarily the most efficient approach

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39
Q

five-year cycle

A

20% of the system will be scheduled each year, and 100% of the system will be completed over the five years

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40
Q

What is an optimal cycle?

A

long enough cycle so that the clearance provided will not be eroded by regrowth before the next scheduled pruning event; depends on the frequency of occurrence of individual tree species throughout the entire service area of the utility and the amount of clearance that can be achieved in different divisions of the service area

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41
Q

just-in-time cycle

A

all circuits are maintained each year, but only those trees within a prescribed clearance standard are pruned or removed; targets maintenance resources directly at the problem trees before outages occur and technically provides the greatest reliability

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42
Q

Pros and Cons of just-in-time cycle pruning

A

Pros: resources targeted directly at problem trees before outages occur; provides greatest reliability
Cons: requires that crews spend a lot of time traveling between problem trees rather than actually pruning; significant costs are involved in patrolling, surveying, recording, cataloging, and mapping the trees that need maintenance

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43
Q

conventional multiyear cycle with mid-cycle maintenance

A

involves establishing a regular cycle but includes repruning of fast-growing species midway through the cycle

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44
Q

cycle busters

A

fast-growing trees that need to be pruned more frequently than the set cycle; problematic fast-growing species because their growth rates compromise even the most efficient cycles; growth rates could compromise reliability well before the end of the cycle if left to the defined cycle

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45
Q

Why would you implement mid-cycle pruning for the cycle busters?

A

mid-cycle pruning for the cycle busters may result in lower annual costs than the alternative, which would be to introduce a shorter cycle; only used to prune those trees that are likely to encroach into the conductor’s defined security zone before the normal maintenance cycle of pruning is due to occur; provides an opportunity to identify and assess hazard trees and to implement hazard abatement measures such as removal or pruning, or both, to remove branches that are likely to fail

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46
Q

reliability-centered management

A

RCM; a method to minimize tree-caused outages by conducting a detailed analysis of the system, vegetation conditions, outage history, infrastructure, and other factors, and identifying a range of preventative maintenance tasks that have the potential to provide greater reliability and cost efficiency than pruning and removal alone; might incorporate changes in over-current protection, changes in infrastructure, and changes in operating practices in addition to tree pruning and removal

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47
Q

What is the objective of reliability-centered management (RCM)?

A

to minimize tree-caused interruptions but not exclusively through traditional vegetation management (pruning and tree removal) methods and fixed-period cycles; relies on conducting a detailed analysis of the system, vegetation conditions, outage history, infrastructure, etc. and identifying a range of preventive maintenance tasks that have the potential to provide greater reliability and cost efficiency than pruning and removal alone

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48
Q

infrastructure

A

the machinery used to transmit and distribute electricity, including poles, towers, conductors, transformers, substations, etc.

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49
Q

What are the two historical approaches to vegetation management within the utility industry?

A

preventative (proactive maintenance) and reactive (corrective maintenance)

50
Q

preventative/proactive maintenance

A

the management of trees and vegetation on the overhead lines following a survey or assessment of the problems and scheduling maintenance before vegetation causes any interruptions; identifies and addresses the reasons for outages and safety hazards through systematic and consistent management; based on an inventory approach; provides maximum benefit from the resources expended and maximizes cost effectiveness

51
Q

reactive/corrective maintenance

A

management of trees and vegetation in response to interruptions caused by vegetation; relies on responding to problems as they occur; hotspotting; ineffective and inefficient; work on trees and brush is scheduled only when they have caused outages or represent significant safety hazards in response to requests from property owners for maintenance or in response to patrol reports

52
Q

hotspotting

A

a process by which limited tree work is scheduled on a specific area of the network where shorts or outages are occurring

53
Q

Which is the better maintenance approach?

A

preventive maintenance is the better approach to improving reliability and safety by reducing tree-related outages; cost-effective in the long term as it optimizes the results from the resources allocated; cost of each successive cycle becomes lower as the vegetation is brought under control and populations are stabilized

54
Q

What happens when utilities pursue a policy of reactive maintenance?

A

the frequency of tree-related outages increases; safety related issues become more prevalent and may result in increased spending; trees and other vegetation on the network grow into and beyond the conductors - the closer trees are to conductors, the higher the cost and hazard of pruning them to provide the required (desired) clearances; deferring electric utility tree maintenance results in increased maintenance costs

55
Q

What did The Economic Impacts of Deferring Electric Utility Maintenance (Journal of Arboriculture) find?

A

deferring maintenance beyond the appropriate cycle produces a significant increase in the cost per tree pruned; the higher cost is caused by an increased number and size of branches that need to be pruned and the increased difficulty associated with removing branches that have grown into or beyond the conductors; increase costs are also associated with the disposal of larger volumes of wood, waste, and debris; the longer the time between pruning events, the more the trees will have grown and the higher the cost associated with pruning and disposal

56
Q

hazard tree

A

a tree whose condition is such that it could fail and cause damage to conductors or other hardware; a tree that has the potential to fail due to structural defects or conditions within the tree and if there is an identifiable target that the tree could hit if failed (if no potential target exists that could be damaged, a tree cannot be regarded as hazardous)

57
Q

structural defects

A

decay, points of weakness such as poor branch attachment, and/or large regrowth from an old topping point, and large deadwood throughout the crown of a tree

58
Q

target

A

any object that may be damaged or hit by a hazard tree

59
Q

Types of hazard tree failures

A

shedding parts, snapping of the trunk, total collapse

60
Q

What happens when a branch contacts across conductors? How is it remedied?

A

a fault is caused by the branch bridging the two conductors that are normally insulated from each other by air; the situation can be remedied by removing the branch and replacing the fuse or resetting the reclosure that has opened as a result of the fault

61
Q

What are the basic concepts of hazard tree evaluation?

A
  • failures are not random events; they usually result from a combination of identifiable defects and unfavorable conditions; some failures appear random because the defects may not be evident at first, and it may take some investigation and analysis to determine the defect
  • health and hazard are not the same; trees can have a full crown of green leaves with no obvious branch or trunk decay and appear healthy to the untrained person; yet the same tree may have narrow branching angles with included bark and symptoms of internal decay that are indicative of structural defects to the trained professional
  • the level of risk associated with a hazard tree is directly related to the severity of the defect(s) and the amount of damage that would result if the tree failed; the evaluation systems available facilitate the rating of both failure potential and the potential severity of any resultant damage
62
Q

tree growth regulators

A

TGR; a chemical that can be applied to trees that slows extension growth by shortening cell elongation

63
Q

benefits of TGRs for utilities

A

can extend pruning cycles and reduce maintenance costs; can reduce the need for mid-cycle pruning of fast-growing trees (cycle busters) and reduce the volume of regrowth that must be pruned and discarded; helpful on trees that cannot be heavily pruned because of property owner concerns or local legislation; other aesthetic benefits as well

64
Q

soil drench application

A

a method of applying herbicides or tree growth regulators to trees through the soil by excavating a shallow trench in the soil around the base of the trunk and pouring the compound into the trench; involves excavating a shallow (1 to 2 inch) trench in the soil around the base of the trunk, then diluted compound is poured into the trench, which is refilled when the compound has been absorbed into the soil

65
Q

soil injection application

A

a method of applying herbicides or tree growth regulators to trees through the soil via injection directly into the root zone; requires an injection tool that places the compound directly into the root zone at about 6 inches below the surface

66
Q

How do the most common TGRs work?

A

they inhibit the production of gibberellin; when gibberellin is suppressed in the crown of a tree, shoot extension is significantly reduced, but other natural processes seem unaffected

67
Q

gibberellin

A

a plant growth substance or hormone that controls cell elongation

68
Q

What are the effects of TGRs?

A

trees with shorter internodes, smaller leaves, dark green foliage, and enhanced flowering, all of which are generally considered positive characteristics

69
Q

previous TGR application methods

A

trunk injection and trunk implant; seldom used because they caused trunk damage and left the equipment on the tree where children and animals could come into contact with it

70
Q

When should you use TGR?

A

application should be made when the tree is actively growing and two to three months before pruning; this timing allows the TGR to be absorbed by the tree and translocated to the shoots in the crown so that the active compound is distributed and in place to slow extension growth after pruning; or you can treat and prune at the same time, a period of “normal” resurgent growth may take place until the TGR reaches the crown, but it can reduce the cost of application if the crews are already on site to prune the trees

71
Q

What species do TGRs not work on?

A

TGRs are effective in retarding growth on a variety of tree species, but generally less effective on conifers than hardwoods; local testing is important to determine which species can be managed cost effectively by TGRs

72
Q

Types of mechanical vegetation management

A

pruning and mowing are the primary ways of mechanically managing right-of-way vegetation

73
Q

mowing

A

essentially removing brush with a cutting machine attached to a vehicle, which is tracked or has high flotation tires

74
Q

Where is mowing primarily used?

A

right-of-way where brush is dense and where defined easements permit management of obstructing vegetation

75
Q

What types of mowing equipment does the the utility sector generally use?

A

rotary cutting head and flail-type cutters (flail mowers); various sizes of each type exist; most are easily capable of cutting brush/vegetation up to 8 inches, but some speciality machinery is available that can cut larger material

76
Q

rotary cutting head

A

a single or multiple-blade arrangement that rotates horizontally and cuts or shreds vegetation; head usually consists of one or more blades

77
Q

flail-type cutters

A

machines designated to cut vegetation by means of a moving blade, chain, or other cutting device; have metal teeth, chains, or anvil cutting heads attached to a rotating drum that knocks down and shreds vegetation

78
Q

desirable vegetation

A

plants that do not grow to heights that would cause them to impact the conductors and that may suppress the establishment of undesirable plants under conductors; woody shrubs, grasses, and forbs

79
Q

How to maximize effectiveness of mowing?

A

mowing is very effective in the short term; to maximize for the long term mowing should be followed by application of herbicides to inhibit resprouting of tall-growing vegetation; if herbicides cannot be used regular mowing is the recommended control method for areas with moderate to heavy amounts of brush that are reasonably flat and free of rock and debris

80
Q

What are the disadvantages of mowing?

A
  • unless mowing is combined with herbicide treatment, stem densities tend to increase, which increases the workload
  • there is little, if any, opportunity to retain desirable species
  • aesthetics and physical site disruption are often problems
    Also not recommended to mow on wet sites where the machinery could cause significant damage or disruption of the site
81
Q

herbicide

A

chemical compound that kills vegetation;

82
Q

What are the benefits of herbicides on electric utility systems?

A

reduce long-term costs and maximize the benefits of tree and brush removal; can effectively control undesirable vegetation and encourage the retention and expansion of desirable (dense, low-growing) plant communities when used properly

83
Q

What are the benefits of desirable vegetation?

A

as desirable plants spread over larger areas, the undesirable vegetation is unable to effectively re-establish or compete and future maintenance costs are reduced; low-growing plant cover such as grasses, forbs, and woody shrubs will impede the establishment of taller-growing brush and will reduce the volume of material and labor required for later phases of maintenance and subsequently reduce costs

84
Q

What is the goal of every utility brush-control program?

A

to establish communities of low-growing, desirable plants; this goal marks a transition from chemical to biological control

85
Q

How to retain desirable vegetation with a herbicide program?

A

by using selective application or selective herbicides

86
Q

selective application

A

directs herbicides at specific undesirable plants, avoiding desirable plants; directing herbicides specifically at target (undesirable) plants, leaving desirable plants untreated so that they remain

87
Q

selective herbicides

A

herbicides that are effective only on specific plant species; predominantly effective on certain plant species, typically the undesirable ones, leaving low-growing desirable plants unaffected; typically broadcasted or applied to all vegetation in an area so all plants receive treatment but only sensitive/undesirable plants are controlled

88
Q

How to selectively control vegetation with nonselective herbicides?

A

direct application of the material onto the target plants

89
Q

directed application

A

applying herbicide to specific plants or parts of plants

90
Q

Types of directed herbicide application

A

foliar application (high-volume treatment), basal bark application (low-volume treatment), and cut-surface application (stump treatment)

91
Q

foliar application

A

application of a fertilizer or other substance by direct spray on the foliage; high-volume treatment; technique that utilizes a vehicle with a large tank to transport and apply the herbicide solution; material directly applied to the foliage of the plant using a handheld, high-volume applicator (spray gun); ideally targeted at low brush (less than 12 ft)

92
Q

basal bark application

A

application of herbicides mixed with penetrating oil to the lower 12 to 15 inches of the main stems; low-volume treatment; mixture is applied to the bark of the main stems of target species

93
Q

cut-surface application

A

a method of placing herbicide on stumps immediately after cutting so that the herbicide is absorbed and translocated to the roots; stump treatment

94
Q

broadcast application

A

a method of applying herbicides in which they are spread over a wide area and not aimed at specific plants or locations; set to a fixed rate (volume) per unit area (acre or hectare) and are independent of brush density

95
Q

Where are broadcast applications typically made?

A

to foliage and cut stubble

96
Q

foliage

A

the leaves of a plant

97
Q

cut stubble

A

vegetation that has recently been mowed and before regrowth

98
Q

What is the concentration of active herbicide used in high-volume foliar application?

A

low, ranging from 0.5 to 1.5%; total mixed volume per acre typically ranging from 100 to 400 gallons per acre (1,000 to 4,000 liters per hectare)

99
Q

What pressure should be used in foliar herbicide application?

A

set to the minimum pressure necessary to achieve plant coverage

100
Q

How to minimize drift?

A

thickening agents can be mixed in to minimize the presence of fine droplets that may drift onto nontarget plants; nozzles that produce coarse droplets can also be used to minimize drift

101
Q

When should high-volume foliar herbicide application be done?

A

can be applied throughout the growing season after leaves are fully expanded, usually from late spring to early fall

102
Q

What is the concentration of active herbicide used in low-volume foliar application?

A

high; ranging between 3 and 10%; higher concentration of herbicide than directed high-volume application.

103
Q

How to achieve selectivity in low-volume foliar herbicide application?

A

very controlled, close application of coarse droplet sprays directed at individual stems or clumps of undesirable species while avoiding desirable vegetation; target low brush (less than 12 ft) which is not too dense

104
Q

application types of foliar herbicide

A

hand pumps and powered backpack sprayers

105
Q

When should low-volume foliar herbicide application be done?

A

can be applied at any time during the active growing season after the leaves are fully formed; the upper 65 to 75% of the crown is treated to wet the leaves but not to the point of runoff

106
Q

When should low-volume basal bark herbicide application be done?

A

can be applied during the dormant and growing season; more flexibility in timing than foliar treatments; dormant-season application avoids brownouts that occurs when applications are made during the growing season

107
Q

brownout

A

a term used to describe the brown appearance of dead foliage following the application of herbicide

108
Q

What is the concentration of active herbicide used in low-volume basal bark application?

A

relatively concentrated mixture of herbicide (20 to 30% by volume) and penetrating oil

109
Q

What types of carrier oils are used in low-volume basal bark herbicide application?

A

kerosene or diesel; or refined mineral or plant-derived oils when preferred for reasons of environmental sensitivity

110
Q

When should directed cut-surface herbicide application be done?

A

hand-cutting stems and immediately (usually within an hour) applying an herbicide to the freshly exposed surface; timing can be extended for several months if a penetrating oil mixture is used; application during heavy rain should be avoided; possible all year round provided the stumps are not concealed beneath snow or water

111
Q

How is cut-surface herbicide application done?

A

delivered to the cut surface of stumps from a handheld spray bottle; only a small amount of herbicide is applied directly to the stump from close proximity so runoff and contamination are minimized; adding a dye to the herbicide solution helps to identify those stumps that have been treated

112
Q

When is cut-surface herbicide application most appropriate?

A

where the density of target species is low and environmental or visual sensitivity to herbicide is high

113
Q

What is the concentration of active herbicide used in broadcast foliar herbicide application?

A

uses a fixed herbicide rate per unit area (acre or hectare) applied in a water solution over the entire target area; typically 20 gallons or more per acre (200 liters per hectare) are applied; higher volumes are applied to ensure penetration through the leaf canopy in areas where brush is high and dense

114
Q

How can herbicides be delivered in broadcast foliar herbicide applications?

A

aircraft, trucks and trailers, tractors, ATV-mounted booms

115
Q

Pros and Cons of aerial application in broadcast foliar herbicide application?

A

Pros: can be used with to control brush of any height; cost-effective way of initially controlling dense brush, particularly over large areas
Cons: creates a general brownout effect that is not aesthetically desirable in areas of high visibility

116
Q

Where is aerial application of broadcast foliar herbicide application most suitable?

A

better suited for lower-growing (6 to 8 ft) vegetation in rural areas

117
Q

What is an alternative to treating tall brush with a broadcast foliar application of herbicide?

A

mow the vegetation and immediately broadcast a soil-active herbicide, which prevents resprouting or regrowth of woody species

118
Q

Benefits of cut-stubble applications of herbicides

A

suitable for visually sensitive areas because essentially no foliage remains after mowing to “brownout”

119
Q

What should be considered before selecting an herbicide?

A
  • use selective herbicides that will predominantly control the undesirable vegetation and not affect the low-growing desirable vegetation
  • use directed or selective application techniques wherever practical; doing so ensures that only specific undesirable vegetation is treated and desirable vegetation is retained
120
Q

label

A

the description of the active ingredients, dilution, and rates of application of herbicides and the uses to which they can be put

121
Q

What responsibilities do personnel who apply herbicides have?

A
  • must be trained (and in some states licensed)
  • must ensure the herbicides are handled and applied correctly in accordance with label directions
  • avoid environmental contamination

Utility Specialist Arboriculture (5 decks)

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