Chapter 2: Titanium alloys Flashcards

1
Q

Properties of titanium Material

A

Light weight (4.5 g/cm3) (compared to steel)
 High strength to weight ratio
 Good properties at elevated temperature
 Excellent corrosion resistance (forms titanium oxide)
 Good high-temperature strength
 Allotropic transformation (α  β)

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2
Q

What is an allotropic material?

A

An allotropic material is a material that has 2 crystal structure

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3
Q

Why is Beta alloys prefered compared to alpha alloys?

A
More manageable properties
•Lower packing density
•Stronger
•Can be transformed (β→α)
•Lamellar, acicular or needlelike (martensite)
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3
Q

Why is Beta prefered compare to alpha structure

A
More manageable properties
•Lower packing density
•Stronger
•Can be transformed (β→α)
•Lamellar, acicular or needlelike (martensite)
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4
Q

Behaviour of near alpha titanium alloys

A

Not heat treatable and not weldable

Medium strength, good creep strength and good corrosion resistance

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5
Q

Behaviour of Alpha + Beta titanium alloys

A

Heat treatable, good forming properties

High strength and good creep strength

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6
Q

Behaviour of Beta titanium alloys

A

Low ductility
High strength
Very heat treatable and readily formable

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7
Q

List two near alpha stabilizers

A

Tin and Zirconium

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8
Q

What effects and properties does near alpha stabilizers offers?

A

It does not affect the transformation temperature

and it has excellent creep resistance at high temperatures

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9
Q

List all the alpha stabilizers

A
  1. Aluminium
  2. Nitrogen
  3. Carbon
  4. Oxygen
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10
Q

What effects does alpha stabilizers offers?

A

It increases the transformation temperature

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11
Q

List all the Beta stabilizers

A
  1. Vanadium
  2. Tantalum
  3. molybdenum
  4. Niobium
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12
Q

What effects does Beta stabilizers offers?

A

It decreases the transformation temperature

Also it becomes present at room temperatures

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13
Q

How do you improve the properties of alpha alloys

A
  1. By work hardening

2. Applying solid solution by adding tin and aluminium

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14
Q

What does the imaginary line represent?

A

fast cooling

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15
Q

What happens when Beta alloys are rapidly cooled

A

There will be a form of needle-like alpha grains

16
Q

What happens when Beta alloys are slowly cooled

A

There will be a form of plate-like alpha grains

17
Q

List the properties of Alpha + Beta titanium alloys

A
Excellent	high	temperature creep strength	
– Excellent ductility	
– Excellent toughness	
– High tensile	strength	
– Good fatigue resistance
18
Q

How are alpha + Beta made?

A

Proper balance of α and β stabilisers

19
Q

Why add alpha and Beta alloys to form Alpha + Beta alloys

A

Alpha is to increase the transformation temperature of a low alloy content and Beta is to increase the strength

20
Q

Apha + Beta alloys features a superplastic behaviour which allows them to

A

-It is deformed to high strain ( 1000%) without the formation of unstable
neck
 Complex shapes can be produced out of a single piece with fine details and
close tolerance
 Eliminate secondary operation
 Weight and materials saving because of formability of materials
 Little residual stress occurs in the formed component because grains are not deformed.

21
Q

What are the conditions for the superplastic form

A

Temperature > 0.5 Tm
Slow strain rate ~10-3
Grains (60 – 75% α) must be equiaxed and small

22
Q

Why are the grains must be small and equiaxed for superplastic forming

A

equiaxed allow easy grain switching and small size reduce diffusion distance, greater grain boundary sliding

23
Q

What are the advantages of superplastic forming

A

Complex shapes in a single process
• Reduces weight and cost
• Shorter production lead times
• Elimination of machinery operations

24
List 4 ways to control the microstructures of titanium alloys
Slow cooling -Diffusion and rearrangement (from bcc to hcp), platelike (Widmanstatten) structure formed Faster cooling -Transformed product (hcp α) has more needle-like “interwoven” form (basketweave) Very fast cooling -Diffusionless reaction giving extremely fine needles called martensite Highly alloyed -Reaction suppressed giving metastable β – Can be age-hardened to very high strength
25
Explain why alpha titanium alloy cannot be heat treated
Alpha titanium alloys consist mainly of the α phase • Alpha titanium is non heat treatable at the temperature below the allotropic transformation temperature • During fast cooling, needle-like α forms while during slow cooling, plate-like α forms • The microstructure remains as α titanium single phase and stable throughout • The properties do not respond to heat treatment processes • Thus alpha titanium alloy cannot be heat treated.
26
Discuss the relationship between grain size, amount of | α, lamellar α+β and the various properties
Grain size-reduction improves proof strength, UTS and resistance to fatigue crack initiation The specific amount of α optimises fatigue response and creep behaviour Lamellar α+β promotes toughness, creep strength and fatigue crack resistance
27
Discuss superplastic formation (SPF) of a titanium alloy
It is deformed to high strain ( 1000%) without formation of unstable neck  Complex shapes can be produced out of a single piece with fine details and close tolerance  Eliminate secondary operation  Weight and materials saving because of formability of materials  Little residual stress occurs in the formed component because grains are not deformed.
28
Compare and contrast alpha phase to Beta phase
ALPHA -Directional properties • High packing density • Can be difficult to work BETA ``` More manageable properties • Lower package density • Stronger • Can be transformed (heat treatable) • Different appearance: Lamellar, acicular or needlelike (martensite) ```