Chapter 2- Theories Of Development Flashcards
Psychoanalytic theory believes that…
Unconscious drives and motives originating in childhood underlies human behavior
List Freud’s psychosexual stages
Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital
Describe Erikson’s psychosocial stage: Trust vs. Mistrust
Babies either trust that others will satisfy their basic needs (nourishment, warmth) OR develop a mistrust about the care of others
Describe Erikson’s psychosocial phase: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Children either become self-sufficient in many activities (dressing, exploring) OR doubt their own abilities
Describe Erikson’s psychosocial phase: Initiative vs. Guilt
Children either try to undertake many adult like activities OR internalize the limits and prohibitions set by parents.
Describe Erikson’s psychosocial stage: Industry vs. Inferiority
Children bustling practice and then master new skills OR feel inferior, unable to do anything well.
Describe Erikson’s psychosocial stage: Identity vs. Role Confusion
Adolescents establish sexual, political, religious, and vocational identities OR are confused about their roles.
Describe Erikson’s psychosocial stage: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Young adults seeks companionship and love OR become isolated from others, feeling rejected.
Describe Erikson’s psychosocial stage: Generatively vs. Stagnation
Middle-aged adults contribute to further generations through work, creative activities, and parenthood OR they stagnate.
Describe Erikson’s psychosocial stage: Integrity vs. Despair
Older adults try to make sense of their lives, either seeing it as a meaningful whole OR despairing at goals never reached.
Behaviorism believes that…
Behavior is learned
In classical conditioning, learning occurs through…
Association
Example: Ringing a bell before presenting a dog with food. Eventually, the dog will begin to respond to the bell as if it were the food.
In operant conditioning, learning occurs through…
Reinforcement (making the person or animal more likely to repeat the action) or punishment (making the person or animal less likely to repeat the action).
Social learning theory contends that…
Humans sometimes learn without personal reinforcement through modeling, in which a person observes the actions of others and then copies them.
Example: Children who grew up witnessing domestic violence becoming abusers themselves.
Cognitive theory believes that…
The way people think changes over time; how we think shapes our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.
