Chapter 2 Theories of development

Question 1

What does epigenetic marker do?

Answer 1

They control gene expression by opening or tightly packing chromatin.

Question 2

What is polygenetic inheritance?

Answer 2

It is when many gene affects a phenotype

Question 3

What is multifactorial inheritance?

Answer 3

It is when phenotype is influenced by gene and the environment

Question 4

What is mitochondrial inheritance?

Answer 4

When mothers mitochondrial is passed down to their offspring

Question 5

What is ethology?

Answer 5

genetically determined survival behavior that has evolved through natural selection

Question 6

What does behavior genetic focus on?

Answer 6

heredity on individual differences

Question 7

what does evolutionary psychology focus on?

Answer 7

focuses on genetically inherited cognitive and social traits which has evolved through natural selection

Question 8

what does evolutionary developmental psychology focus on?

Answer 8

nature and nurture determine individual persona but they themselves has to have the ability to display age dependent stratergies

Question 9

what is evolutionary prenatal programming? What happen if there is a mismatch?

Answer 9

it is when a fetus gets hint from the mothers environment and undergoes epigenetic changes to help survive in the predicted environment.

Mismatch can cause lifestyle related disease

Question 10

how does human genomic help us?

Answer 10

able to predict and prevent diseases before it happens by decoding of DNA (breast cancer)

Question 11

what kind of mutation causes and increase in type 2 diabetes in the first nation people.

Answer 11

G139S mutation which affects the structure of the liver

Question 12

switching from low carb diet to junk food increased type 2 diabetes among first nation. what does this tell us?

Answer 12

there is a genetic susceptibility with multiple environment factors

Question 13

who developed psychoanalytic theory and what is it?

Answer 13

sigmund freud. development happen due to internal drive and emotions influencing behavior

Question 14

what does freud psychosexual theory say about unconscious processes

Answer 14

unconscious process are libido which are internal drive for physical pleasure and is the motivating force for most behavior

Question 15

What did freud say about the 3 parts of personality (Id, ego, superego)

Answer 15

id is the unconscious (libido) - basic sexual and aggressive impulses

ego is the conscious and it keeps id satisfy by finding ways to obtained it at the same time not violating the superego and is important in keeping all 3 components in balance

superego is the moral judge

Question 16

what are the 5 psychosexual stage and where does the libido centered at in each stage?

Answer 16

oral - mouth
anal - anal
phalic - genitals
latency - none
genitals - genitals

Question 17

how does eriksons theory differs from freuds

Answer 17

erikson theory is about internal drive and cultural demand thus forming the psychoSOCIAL stages compared to freuds libido psychosexual stage

Question 18

how does humanistic theory relate to jean-jacques rousseau

Answer 18

derived from the basis that all children are born with innate goodness and that their internal drive is individual motivation to achieve their full potential

Question 19

describe maslow self actualization

Answer 19

fulfiling ones unique personal potential

Question 20

what are the 2 subsets of development of motives

Answer 20

deficiency motive - drive to maintain physical and emotional homeostasis

being motive - desire to understand - sense of well being

Question 21

describe carl rogers personal growth

Answer 21

caretake who gives affection to children only when desire behavior is met can diminish child sense of self worth

Question 22

which philosopher does learning theories align with

Answer 22

john locke

Question 23

what is behaviourism

Answer 23

development in behavior caused by environments (Conditioning)

Question 24

describe classical conditioning

Answer 24

learning begins with biologically programmed stimulus or reflexes

Question 25

what is systemic desensitization

Answer 25

child with anxiety can practice relaxation every single step (School example)

Question 26

explain skinners operant conditioning with + / - reinforcement and punishment

Answer 26

+ reinforcement is when you add something to increase a chance that behavior occurs again

• reinforcement is taking away something to increase chance that the behavior occurs again

+ punishment is adding something to prevent a behavior

• punishment is taking away something to prevent a behavior

Question 27

what is partial reinforcement

Answer 27

reinforcement of behavior on some occasion but not others - more common in real world and very resistant to extinction

Question 28

what does in mean by shaping?

Answer 28

reinforcement in immediate step such as playing a sport

Question 29

what is the central idea of piagets cognitive development theory

Answer 29

idea of schemes which are internal cognitive structure that provides procedure to follow in a specific circumstances

Question 30

explain the 3 processes of piaget theory on building complex mental schemes

Answer 30

1) assimilation - using schemes
2) accommodation - changing scheme through new info from assimilation - key to developmental change
3) equilibration - balancing assimilation and accommodation to create schemes that better fit the environment

Question 31

what are the 3 main thing of information processing theory as to how memory processes

Answer 31

encoding, storage, retrieval

Question 32

describe how you understand a word

Answer 32

sound enters through sensory motor which moves into short term working memory. knowledge of word comes from long term memory. all of this occurs in short term memory and work together for you to understand a word

Question 33

what are non-piagetian theory?

Answer 33

children can’t do complex problem due to limited capacity in short term working memory

Question 34

what is the central of vygotsky sociocultural theory?

Answer 34

idea of scaffolding where an adult or more experience child teaches a child something that would otherwise not able to make sense by themselves

Question 35

describe banduras concept of modeling

Answer 35

behaviors are learn from watching someone else

Question 36

describe banduras reciprocal determinism

Answer 36

human development is based on 3 factors which is personal, behavioral and environmental

Question 37

what does it mean by coevolution

Answer 37

the idea that we are not only affected by our circumstances but also we are able to exert influence over our situation which in turn can affect our expectation about how much influence we can have in the future

Question 38

what is holism?

Answer 38

the idea that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

Question 39

what does it mean to have higher or lower holistic health

Answer 39

high holistic health results in wellness while lower holistic health results in disorders

Question 40

why does eco bio developmentalist endorse early intervention stratergies?

Answer 40

cost effective way to improve health