Chapter 2 Theories

Question 1

Developmental Theories

Answer 1

-A framework for explaining patterns and problems of development
-Group of ideas assumptions and generalizations that interpret and illuminate the thousands of observations made on human growth

Question 2

Psychoanalytic theory

Answer 2

-Freud and Erickson
-Irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavior

Question 3

Freud Psycho-sexual stage- Oral

Answer 3

• Birth - 1 year
  -Lips tongue gums are focus of pleasure (sucking, feeding)

Question 4

Freud Psycho-sexual stage- Anal

Answer 4

• Ages 1-3 years
  -Anus main focus (toilet training)

Question 5

Freud Psycho-sexual stage- Phallic

Answer 5

-Ages 3-6
- pleasure derives from genital stimulation
- Boys are proud of their bodies, girls wonder why they don’t have one

Question 6

Freud Psycho-sexual stage- Latency

Answer 6

• Ages 6-11
• Interlude where sexual needs are quiet and children put energy into schoolwork and sports

Question 7

Freud Psycho-sexual stage- Genital/adolescence

Answer 7

• Young person seeks sexual stimulation and satisfaction in heterosexual relationships

Question 8

Freud Psycho-sexual stage- Genital/Adulthood

Answer 8

• Genital stage lasts through out adulthood and goal of healthy life is to “Love and to work”

Question 9

Erickson’s Psycho-social stage - Trust vs Mistrust

Answer 9

• Birth - 1 year
• Babies learn to trust others for basic needs and nourishment or mistrust that they will be taken care of.

Question 10

Erickson’s Psycho-social stage - Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

Answer 10

• Ages 1-3
• Children begin to become self-sufficient (toileting, feeding, walking, talking) or doubt their own abilities

Question 11

Erickson’s Psycho-social stage - Initiative vs Guilt

Answer 11

-Ages 3-6
- Children begin to undertake “adult like” activities and become adventurous or internalize inhibitions set by parents and feel guilty

Question 12

Erickson’s Psycho-social stage - Industry vs. Inferiority

Answer 12

• Ages 6-11
• Begin to feel confidence in mastering skills or feel inferior and unable to do anything as well as they wish they could

Question 13

Erickson’s Psycho-social stage - Identity vs. Role confusion

Answer 13

• Adolescence, ages vary
• Begin to establish identities (sexual, political, religious, vocational) or are confused about what roles to play.

Question 14

Erickson’s Psycho-social stage - Adulthood 1/Intimacy vs Isolation

Answer 14

-Young Adult
- Seek companionship and love or fear rejection and become isolated

Question 15

Erickson’s Psycho-social stage - Adulthood 2/ Generativity vs Stagnation

Answer 15

-Middle aged adult
- Contribute to next generation or stagnate

Question 16

Erickson’s Psycho-social stage - Adulthood 3/ Integrity vs. Despair

Answer 16

-Older adults
-Make sense out of their lives as meaningful or despairing at goals never reached

Question 17

Behaviorism

Answer 17

• The study of OBSERVABLE behavior, and the theory explaining the learned habits and competencies

Question 18

Behaviorism Classical conditioning (respondent)

Answer 18

-Learning process of meaningful stimulus w/ a neutral stimulus that had no meaning before

Question 19

Behaviorism Operant conditioning (instrumental)

Answer 19

_Learning process of action followed by something desired or by something unwanted to promote or prevent action

Question 20

Reinforcement

Answer 20

A technique for conditioning behavior in which behavior is followed by something desired

Question 21

Behaviorism- Social learning theory

Answer 21

-Emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person’s behavior involving learning by observation and imitation

Question 22

Piaget’s Cognitive Theory

Answer 22

-Our thought shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors
-Focuses on changes in how people think over time

Question 23

Piaget’s Period of Cognitive Development - Sensorimotor

Answer 23

• Ages birth-2 years
• Uses senses and motor abilities to understand the world

Question 24

Piaget’s Period of Cognitive Development - Preoperational

Answer 24

• Ages 2-6
• Children think symbolically with language yet only through their on perspective.

Question 25

Piaget’s Period of Cognitive Development - Concrete Operational

Answer 25

-Ages 6-11
-Begin to understand and apply logic but only understand from direct experience

Question 26

Piaget’s Period of Cognitive Development - Formal operational

Answer 26

-Ages 12- adulthood
-Use abstract and hypothetical concepts
-Can use analysis not just emotions.

Question 27

Cognitive Theory -Information processing

Answer 27

-Perspective that compares human thinking process to computer analysis data

Question 28

Cognitive theory - Selective attention

Answer 28

-Ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others.