Chapter 2 Theories Flashcards
Developmental Theories
-A framework for explaining patterns and problems of development
-Group of ideas assumptions and generalizations that interpret and illuminate the thousands of observations made on human growth
Psychoanalytic theory
-Freud and Erickson
-Irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavior
Freud Psycho-sexual stage- Oral
- Birth - 1 year
-Lips tongue gums are focus of pleasure (sucking, feeding)
Freud Psycho-sexual stage- Anal
- Ages 1-3 years
-Anus main focus (toilet training)
Freud Psycho-sexual stage- Phallic
-Ages 3-6
- pleasure derives from genital stimulation
- Boys are proud of their bodies, girls wonder why they don’t have one
Freud Psycho-sexual stage- Latency
- Ages 6-11
- Interlude where sexual needs are quiet and children put energy into schoolwork and sports
Freud Psycho-sexual stage- Genital/adolescence
- Young person seeks sexual stimulation and satisfaction in heterosexual relationships
Freud Psycho-sexual stage- Genital/Adulthood
- Genital stage lasts through out adulthood and goal of healthy life is to “Love and to work”
Erickson’s Psycho-social stage - Trust vs Mistrust
- Birth - 1 year
- Babies learn to trust others for basic needs and nourishment or mistrust that they will be taken care of.
Erickson’s Psycho-social stage - Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
- Ages 1-3
- Children begin to become self-sufficient (toileting, feeding, walking, talking) or doubt their own abilities
Erickson’s Psycho-social stage - Initiative vs Guilt
-Ages 3-6
- Children begin to undertake “adult like” activities and become adventurous or internalize inhibitions set by parents and feel guilty
Erickson’s Psycho-social stage - Industry vs. Inferiority
- Ages 6-11
- Begin to feel confidence in mastering skills or feel inferior and unable to do anything as well as they wish they could
Erickson’s Psycho-social stage - Identity vs. Role confusion
- Adolescence, ages vary
- Begin to establish identities (sexual, political, religious, vocational) or are confused about what roles to play.
Erickson’s Psycho-social stage - Adulthood 1/Intimacy vs Isolation
-Young Adult
- Seek companionship and love or fear rejection and become isolated
Erickson’s Psycho-social stage - Adulthood 2/ Generativity vs Stagnation
-Middle aged adult
- Contribute to next generation or stagnate
Erickson’s Psycho-social stage - Adulthood 3/ Integrity vs. Despair
-Older adults
-Make sense out of their lives as meaningful or despairing at goals never reached
Behaviorism
- The study of OBSERVABLE behavior, and the theory explaining the learned habits and competencies
Behaviorism Classical conditioning (respondent)
-Learning process of meaningful stimulus w/ a neutral stimulus that had no meaning before
Behaviorism Operant conditioning (instrumental)
_Learning process of action followed by something desired or by something unwanted to promote or prevent action
Reinforcement
A technique for conditioning behavior in which behavior is followed by something desired
Behaviorism- Social learning theory
-Emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person’s behavior involving learning by observation and imitation
Piaget’s Cognitive Theory
-Our thought shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors
-Focuses on changes in how people think over time
Piaget’s Period of Cognitive Development - Sensorimotor
- Ages birth-2 years
- Uses senses and motor abilities to understand the world
Piaget’s Period of Cognitive Development - Preoperational
- Ages 2-6
- Children think symbolically with language yet only through their on perspective.
Piaget’s Period of Cognitive Development - Concrete Operational
-Ages 6-11
-Begin to understand and apply logic but only understand from direct experience
Piaget’s Period of Cognitive Development - Formal operational
-Ages 12- adulthood
-Use abstract and hypothetical concepts
-Can use analysis not just emotions.
Cognitive Theory -Information processing
-Perspective that compares human thinking process to computer analysis data
Cognitive theory - Selective attention
-Ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others.
