Chapter 2: The Nature and Extent of delinquency

Question 1

Federal bureau of Investigation (FBI)

Answer 1

Arm of the U.S. Department of Justice that investigates violations of federal law, gathers crime statistics, runs a comprehensive crime laboratory, and helps train local law enforcement officers

Question 2

Uniform crime report(UCR)

Answer 2

Compiled by the FBI, the UCR is the most widely used source of national crime and delinquency statistics

Question 3

Part I crimes

Answer 3

Offenses including homicide and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, arson, and motor vehicle theft; recorded by local law enforcement officers, these crimes are tallied quarterly and sent to the FBI for inclusion in the UCR

Question 4

Part II Crimes

Answer 4

All crimes other than Part I crimes; recorded by local law enforcement officers, arrests for these crimes are tallied quarterly and sent to the FBI for inclusion in the UCR

Question 5

National incident based reporting system (NIBRS)

Answer 5

Program that collects data on each reported crime incident and requires local police to provide at least a brief account of each incident and arrest

Question 6

Self report survey

Answer 6

Questionnaire or survey technique that asks subjects to reveal their own participation in delinquent or criminal acts

Question 7

National crime victimization survey (NCVS)

Answer 7

The ongoing victimization study conducted jointly by the Justice Department and the U.S. Census Bureau that surveys victims about their experiences with law violation

Question 8

Meta analysis

Answer 8

A research technique that uses the grouped data from several different studies

Question 9

Systematic review

Answer 9

A research technique that involves collecting the findings from previously conducted studies, appraising and synthesizing the evidence, and using the collective evidence to address a particular scientific question

Question 10

Data mining

Answer 10

A data analysis technique that uses multiple advanced computational methods to analyze large data sets

Question 11

Crime mapping

Answer 11

A research technique that employs computerized crime maps and other graphic representations of crime data patterns

Question 12

Disaggregated

Answer 12

Analyzing the relationship between 2 or more independent variables (such as murder convictions and death sentence) while controlling for the influence of a dependent variable (such as race)

Question 13

Racial threat theory

Answer 13

As the size of the black population increases, the perceived threat to the white population increases, resulting in a greater amount of social control imposed against African Americans by police

Question 14

Age of onset

Answer 14

Age at which youths begin their delinquent careers; believed to be linked with chronic offending patterns

Question 15

Continuity of a crime

Answer 15

The idea that chronic juveniles offenders are likely to continue violating the law as adults

Question 16

Victimization

Answer 16

The number of people who are victims of criminal acts; young teens are 15 times more likely than older adults (ages 65 and over) to be victims of crimes

Question 17

To find out more about the nature and extent of delinquency, experts rely on three primary sources of data:

Answer 17

Official records
Victim surveys
Self-report surveys

Question 18

The Uniform Crime Reports, or UCR is compiled by the ________

Answer 18

FBI

Question 19

_______ is the most widely used and accepted crime and data statistics source.

Answer 19

UCR

Question 20

______ crimes are more likely to be solved than property crimes because police devote more resources to these more serious acts.

Answer 20

Violent

Question 21

Surveys show that _______ of all crime victims report incidents to the police.

Answer 21

Fewer than half

Question 22

The UCR uses three methods to express crime data:

Answer 22

1) the number of crimes reported to the police and arrests made are expressed as raw figures.
(2) crime rates per 100,000 are computed.
(3) the FBI computes changes in the number and rate of crime over time.

Question 23

The FBI is currently instituting a program called

Answer 23

the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)

Question 24

When fully implemented NIBRS will require local police agencies to provide

Answer 24

at least a brief account of each incident and arrest including the incident
victim Offender information.

Question 25

One of the most important tools to measure delinquency and youthful misconduct is the _________

Answer 25

Self-report Survey

Question 26

One of the most important sources of self-report data is the _________

Answer 26

Monitoring the Future (MTF) study.

Question 27

The MTF data indicate that the number of people who break the law is _______ than the number projected by official statistics.

Answer 27

Far greater

Question 28

The federal government sponsors the ______, a comprehensive, nationwide survey of victimization in the U.S. to address juvenile victimization.

Answer 28

National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

Question 29

________ is a survey of victims about their experiences of being victimized

Answer 29

National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

Question 30

Delinquency experts routinely use a number of other methods to acquire data on youth crime and delinquency.
These all have their benefits and their drawbacks:

Answer 30

Cohort Research Data
Experimental Data
Observational and Interview Research
Meta-analysis and Systematic Review
Data Mining
Crime Mapping

Question 31

Black youths age 5-17 make up about ____ percent of all youths that age in the U.S.

Answer 31

18

Question 32

About ______ percent of all arrests of youths age 5-17 are black.

Answer 32

28

Question 33

________ are disproportionately represented in these arrest statistics.

Answer 33

Racial minorities

Question 34

According to the ________ theory, as the size of the minority population increases, the perceived threat to the white population increases, resulting in a greater amount of social control imposed against blacks by police.

Answer 34

Racial threat

Question 35

According to the __________ theory view, the disproportionate number of minority youth who are arrested is less a function of their involvement in serious crime and more the result of the race-based decision making found in the juvenile justice system.

Answer 35

Racial threat

Question 36

Official data indicate that _______ are arrested for more serious crimes than whites; but self-report studies show that the differences in the rates of delinquency between the races is insignificant.

Answer 36

African American youth

Question 37

To those who believe that the official data have validity, the participation of African American youths in serious criminal behavior is generally viewed as a function of their __________.

Answer 37

socioeconomic position.

Question 38

It is generally accepted that age is _______ to criminality; people commit crime less as they age.

Answer 38

Inversley Related

Question 39

Regardless of race, sex, social class, intelligence, or any other social variable, people commit ______ crime as they age.

Answer 39

Less

Question 40

Why does crime decline with age

Answer 40

(1) Growing older means having to face the future.
(2) With maturity comes the ability to resist the “quick fix” to their problems.
(3) Maturation coincides with increased levels of responsibility.
(4) Personalities can change with age.
(5) Young adults become more aware of the risks that accompany crime.

Question 41

Aging out of crime may be a function of the ______ of the human life cycle and no one is immune.

Answer 41

Natural history

Question 42

______ is an important determinant of the length and seriousness of a delinquent career.

Answer 42

Age of onset

Question 43

Those kids who demonstrate _______ at a very early age are also more likely to commit more crimes and for a longer period of time.

Answer 43

Antisocial tendencies

Question 44

This research says ________ can be distinguished from other delinquent youths due to their violence and persistence.

Answer 44

Chronic offenders

Question 45

Most research shows that early, repeated delinquent activity is the best predictor of __________.

Answer 45

Future adult conduct

Question 46

According to the research efforts of Marvin Wolfgang, two factors stood out as encouraging recidivism:

Answer 46

Seriousness of the original offense.

Severity of the punishment.

Question 47

Childhood risk factors for persistence include:

Answer 47

Individual factors
School and community factors 
Family factors
Peer factors
Personal deficits, 
Environmental deficits, 
Social deficits, and 
Developmental deficits.

Question 48

There must be a _______ approach to solving juvenile delinquency!

Answer 48

Comprehensive

Question 49

Racial profiling

Answer 49

Police practice of routinely searching, questioning and detaining all african american males in an area, especially after a crime has been committed involving a black suspect.