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College Bio > Chapter 2 The Molecules of cells > Flashcards

Chapter 2 The Molecules of cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is matter?

A

takes up space and has
mass

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2
Q

What is elements?

A

all matter, living and non-living

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3
Q

Can Elements be broken down?

A

No. that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means.

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4
Q

How many elements serve as building blocks of all matter?

A

92

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5
Q

What are the elements that make up 95% of organisms by ( weight)

A

0 - oxygen
c- carbon
H- hydrogen
N-nitrogen
p- phosphorus
s- sulfur

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6
Q

Define Atom

A

Smallest part of the element

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7
Q

Where are protons found?

A

Nucleus

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8
Q

Where is an electron found? What is the electron charge

A

It moves around the nucleus/octet. It is uncharged

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9
Q

Where is a neutron found?

A

It is found in the nucleus

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10
Q

What is the proton charge?

A

Positive

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11
Q

What is the neutron charge?

A

negative

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12
Q

What does the atomic number represent?

A

Number of Protons

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13
Q

What does the mass number represent

A

Protons + Neutrons

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14
Q

What are Isotopes?

A

Atoms with the same element, but with different neutrons.

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15
Q

What do Radioactive Isotopes do?

A

gives off energy as they decay

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16
Q

What does a PET ( Positron Emission Tomography) Scan reveal

A

portions of the brain that are most active. The scan shows red and yellow colors

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17
Q

What do radiation kill?

A

Bacteria and Fungi

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18
Q

what are electron energy levels called?

A

Electron shells or electron orbits

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19
Q

What are compounds?

A

two or more different elements bond together
Example H 20

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20
Q

What happens when a chemical reaction occurs?

A

Energy may be given off or absorbed

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21
Q

What is a molecule?

A

two or more atoms bond together

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22
Q

What are Ions?

A

are charged atoms that form when electrons are transferred from one atom to the next

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23
Q

Define Ionic bond

A

compounds held together by opposite charge ions

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24
Q

What is a charge imbalance?

A

When electrons transfer

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25
Q

What determines a molecule biological function?

A

There three dimension shape

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26
Q

What is a linear Molecule?

A

A molecule with two atoms

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27
Q

What is a nonpolar covalent bond?

A

Sharing electrons between two atoms that are equal

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28
Q

What is a polar covalent?

A

Sharing of electrons with two atoms that are unequal

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29
Q

What is electronegativity

A

measure of an atom’s ability to attract shared electrons to itself

30
Q

Which one is more electronegative than the other? Oxygen or hydrogen

A

Oxygen

31
Q

What causes a hydrogen and oxygen atom to attract in water?

A

The polarity.

32
Q

What gives oxygen partially negative charge and hydrogen a partial positive charge

A

More electrons around oxygen’s nucleus.

33
Q

What is polarity?

A

Two opposite poles either attract each other or back away from each other.

34
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

An attraction between a partially negative oxygen and partially positive hydrogen

35
Q

Where did the first cells evolve from?

A

Water

36
Q

What is a polar molecule?

A

Water Which forms hydrogen bonds

37
Q

What happens when Hydrogen bonds link with water?

A

Water absorbs heat which doesn’t change its temp.

38
Q

What dissolves in water?

A

chemical substances

39
Q

How do water molecules cling together

A

hydrogen bonding ( cohesion)

40
Q

What happens when water positive and negative poles come together?

A

Adhesion, the sticking together of different substances

41
Q

how do nutrients get transported to living organisms?

A

water molecules

42
Q

what is the freezing point of water?

A

4 degrees

43
Q

What is surface tensions?

A

stronger force between molecule an liquid

44
Q

How do water freezes?

A

Top to down

45
Q

what is an acid

A

release of hydrogen ions

46
Q

What do carbon atoms contain?

A

4 valence bonds – outer shell

47
Q

What is macromolecules?

A

Molecules joining together

48
Q

Define Monomer

A

atoms or small molecules that bond together to form more complex structures

49
Q

define Polymers

A

large molecules made by bonding

50
Q

What is dehydration reaction?

A

the chemical reactions in which a water molecule is eliminated from the reactant molecule.

51
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Water is added to broken down polymers

52
Q

What functions as a living source for oganisms?

A

Carbohydrates

53
Q

Define Monsaccharides

A

sugar that has 3-7 carbon atoms

54
Q

define glucose

A

six carbon sugar

55
Q

What is a Polysaccharides

A

a carbohydrate such a starch whose molecule consist of number of sugar molecules bonded together

56
Q

Define Glycogen

A

store sugar( glycose)
in animals

57
Q

Where is cellulose found?

A

cell walls of plants

58
Q

What kind of chain do cellulose have?

A

glucose units

59
Q

Where is chitin found?

A

exoskeleton of crab

60
Q

What is a common characteristic of lipid?

A

it doesn’t dissolve in water. It has my energy per gram of any molecule

61
Q

Characteristics of fats

A

animal origin, store energy, insulate against heat loss

62
Q

Characters of oils

A

plant origin

63
Q

Define Tryglyceride

A

a fat molecule with three fatty acids

64
Q

Define saturated fatty acid

A

no double bonds of carbon atoms

65
Q

define unsaturated fatty acids

A

one or more double bond

66
Q

define Phosopholipids

A

two fatty acids and a phosphate group( 4 oxygen atoms)

67
Q

How many amino acids can we make ?

A

twenty

68
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

single chain of amino acids

69
Q

What is denatured

A

protein loses structure and function. This happens when proteins are exposed to to heat

70
Q

What do DNA and RNA have in common?

A

Both polymers of nucleotides ( building blocks of nucleic acids_

71
Q

What do a nucleotide need?

A

three substances a phosphate, pentose sugar, nitrogen-containing base

72
Q

Characteristics of ATP

A

high energy molecule
the last two phosphate bonds are easily broken
can be rebuilt

College Bio (2 decks)

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