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College Bio > Chapter 2 The Molecules of cells > Flashcards

Chapter 2 The Molecules of cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is matter?

A

takes up space and has
mass

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2
Q

What is elements?

A

all matter, living and non-living

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3
Q

Can Elements be broken down?

A

No. that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means.

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4
Q

How many elements serve as building blocks of all matter?

A

92

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5
Q

What are the elements that make up 95% of organisms by ( weight)

A

0 - oxygen
c- carbon
H- hydrogen
N-nitrogen
p- phosphorus
s- sulfur

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6
Q

Define Atom

A

Smallest part of the element

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7
Q

Where are protons found?

A

Nucleus

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8
Q

Where is an electron found? What is the electron charge

A

It moves around the nucleus/octet. It is uncharged

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9
Q

Where is a neutron found?

A

It is found in the nucleus

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10
Q

What is the proton charge?

A

Positive

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11
Q

What is the neutron charge?

A

negative

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12
Q

What does the atomic number represent?

A

Number of Protons

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13
Q

What does the mass number represent

A

Protons + Neutrons

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14
Q

What are Isotopes?

A

Atoms with the same element, but with different neutrons.

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15
Q

What do Radioactive Isotopes do?

A

gives off energy as they decay

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16
Q

What does a PET ( Positron Emission Tomography) Scan reveal

A

portions of the brain that are most active. The scan shows red and yellow colors

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17
Q

What do radiation kill?

A

Bacteria and Fungi

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18
Q

what are electron energy levels called?

A

Electron shells or electron orbits

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19
Q

What are compounds?

A

two or more different elements bond together
Example H 20

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20
Q

What happens when a chemical reaction occurs?

A

Energy may be given off or absorbed

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21
Q

What is a molecule?

A

two or more atoms bond together

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22
Q

What are Ions?

A

are charged atoms that form when electrons are transferred from one atom to the next

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23
Q

Define Ionic bond

A

compounds held together by opposite charge ions

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24
Q

What is a charge imbalance?

A

When electrons transfer

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25
What determines a molecule biological function?
There three dimension shape
26
What is a linear Molecule?
A molecule with two atoms
27
What is a nonpolar covalent bond?
Sharing electrons between two atoms that are equal
28
What is a polar covalent?
Sharing of electrons with two atoms that are unequal
29
What is electronegativity
measure of an atom's ability to attract shared electrons to itself
30
Which one is more electronegative than the other? Oxygen or hydrogen
Oxygen
31
What causes a hydrogen and oxygen atom to attract in water?
The polarity.
32
What gives oxygen partially negative charge and hydrogen a partial positive charge
More electrons around oxygen's nucleus.
33
What is polarity?
Two opposite poles either attract each other or back away from each other.
34
What is a hydrogen bond?
An attraction between a partially negative oxygen and partially positive hydrogen
35
Where did the first cells evolve from?
Water
36
What is a polar molecule?
Water Which forms hydrogen bonds
37
What happens when Hydrogen bonds link with water?
Water absorbs heat which doesn't change its temp.
38
What dissolves in water?
chemical substances
39
How do water molecules cling together
hydrogen bonding ( cohesion)
40
What happens when water positive and negative poles come together?
Adhesion, the sticking together of different substances
41
how do nutrients get transported to living organisms?
water molecules
42
what is the freezing point of water?
4 degrees
43
What is surface tensions?
stronger force between molecule an liquid
44
How do water freezes?
Top to down
45
what is an acid
release of hydrogen ions
46
What do carbon atoms contain?
4 valence bonds -- outer shell
47
What is macromolecules?
Molecules joining together
48
Define Monomer
atoms or small molecules that bond together to form more complex structures
49
define Polymers
large molecules made by bonding
50
What is dehydration reaction?
the chemical reactions in which a water molecule is eliminated from the reactant molecule.
51
What is a hydrolysis reaction?
Water is added to broken down polymers
52
What functions as a living source for oganisms?
Carbohydrates
53
Define Monsaccharides
sugar that has 3-7 carbon atoms
54
define glucose
six carbon sugar
55
What is a Polysaccharides
a carbohydrate such a starch whose molecule consist of number of sugar molecules bonded together
56
Define Glycogen
store sugar( glycose) in animals
57
Where is cellulose found?
cell walls of plants
58
What kind of chain do cellulose have?
glucose units
59
Where is chitin found?
exoskeleton of crab
60
What is a common characteristic of lipid?
it doesn't dissolve in water. It has my energy per gram of any molecule
61
Characteristics of fats
animal origin, store energy, insulate against heat loss
62
Characters of oils
plant origin
63
Define Tryglyceride
a fat molecule with three fatty acids
64
Define saturated fatty acid
no double bonds of carbon atoms
65
define unsaturated fatty acids
one or more double bond
66
define Phosopholipids
two fatty acids and a phosphate group( 4 oxygen atoms)
67
How many amino acids can we make ?
twenty
68
What is a polypeptide?
single chain of amino acids
69
What is denatured
protein loses structure and function. This happens when proteins are exposed to to heat
70
What do DNA and RNA have in common?
Both polymers of nucleotides ( building blocks of nucleic acids_
71
What do a nucleotide need?
three substances a phosphate, pentose sugar, nitrogen-containing base
72
Characteristics of ATP
high energy molecule the last two phosphate bonds are easily broken can be rebuilt

College Bio (2 decks)

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