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Medical Terminology > Chapter 2: The Human Body in Health and Disease Medical Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 2: The Human Body in Health and Disease Medical Terms Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Abdominal cavity (ab-DOM-ih-nal)

A

The body cavity that contains the major organs of digestion

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2
Q

adenectomy (ad-eh-NECK-toh-mee)

A

The surgical removal of a gland

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3
Q

adenocarcinoma (ad-eh-noh-kar-sih-NOH-mah)

A

a malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue

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4
Q

adenoma (ad-eh-NOH-mah)

A

a benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue

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5
Q

adenomalacia (ad-eh-noh-mah-LAY-shee-ah)

A

abnormal softening of a gland

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6
Q

adenosclerosis (ad-eh-noh-skleh-ROH-sis)

A

abnormal hardening of a gland

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7
Q

anaplasia (an-ah-PLAY-zee-ah)

A

a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other

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8
Q

anatomy (ah-NAT-oh-mee)

A

the study of the structures of the body

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9
Q

anomaly (ah-NOM-ah-lee)

A

a deviation from what is regarded as normal

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10
Q

anterior (an-TEER-ee-or)

A

situated in front

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11
Q

aplasia (ah-PLAY-zee-ah)

A

the defective development or congenital absence of an organ or tissue

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12
Q

bloodborne transmission

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the spread of disease through contact with blood or other body fluids contaminated with blood

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13
Q

caudal (KAW-dal)

A

toward the lower part of the body

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14
Q

cephalic (seh-FAL-ick)

A

toward the head

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15
Q

chromosome (KROH-moh-sohme)

A

a genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell

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16
Q

communicable disease (kuh-MEW-nih-kuh-bul)

A

any disease transmitted from one person to another either directly or by indirect contact with contaminated objects

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17
Q

congenital disorder (kon-JEN-ih-tahl)

A

an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth

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18
Q

cytoplasm (SIGH-toh-plazm)

A

the material located within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus

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19
Q

distal (DIS-tal)

A

situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure

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20
Q

dorsal (DOR-sal)

A

back of the body or organ

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21
Q

dysplasia (dis-PLAY-see-ah)

A

abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs

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22
Q

endemic (en-DEM-ick)

A

referring to the ongoing presence of a disease, such as the common cold, within a population, group, or area

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23
Q

endocrine glands (EN-doh-krin)

A

Glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

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24
Q

epidemic (ep-ih-DEM-ick)

A

a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area

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25
Q

epigastric region (ep-ih-GAS-trick)

A

the region located above the stomach

26
Q

etiology (ee-tee-OL-oh-jee)

A

the study of the causes of diseases

27
Q

exocrine glands (ECK-soh-krin)

A

glands that secrete chemical substances into ducts leading either to other organs or out of the body

28
Q

functional disorder

A

produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified

29
Q

genetic disorder

A

a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene

30
Q

geriatrician

A

a physician who specializes in the care of older people

31
Q

hemophilia

A

a group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing

32
Q

histology

A

the microscopic study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues

33
Q

homeostasis

A

the processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment

34
Q

Hyperplasia

A

The enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues

35
Q

Hypertrophy

A

A general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size but not in the number of cells in the tissues

36
Q

Hypogastric region

A

The region of the abdomen that is located below the stomach

37
Q

Hypoplasia

A

The incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency In the number of cells

38
Q

Iatrogenic illness

A

Unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment

39
Q

Idiopathic disorder

A

An illness without known cause

40
Q

Infections disease

A

Illness caused by a living pathogenic organisms such bacteria and viruses

41
Q

Inguinal

A

Relating to the groin; refers to the entire lower portion of the abdomen including the groin

42
Q

Medial

A

The direction toward or nearer the midline

43
Q

Mesentery

A

The fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall

44
Q

Midsagittal plane

A

The vertical plane that divides the body, from top to bottom, into equal left and right halves

45
Q

Nosocomial infection

A

A disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting

46
Q

Pandemic

A

A disease outbreak occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide

47
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

The space formed by the hip bones that contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems

48
Q

Peritoneum

A

The multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity

49
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum

50
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

A genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing

51
Q

Physiology

A

The study of the functions of the body structures

52
Q

Posterior

A

Situated in the back or on the back part of an organ

53
Q

Proximal

A

Situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure

54
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

Located behind the peritoneum

55
Q

Stem cells

A

Unspecialized cells that renew themselves for long periods of time through cell division

56
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

The cavity that surrounds and protects the heart and the lungs; also known as the chest cavity

57
Q

Transverse plane

A

The horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower portions

58
Q

Umbilicus

A

The pit in the center of the abdominal wall that marks where the umbilical cord was attached before birth

59
Q

Vector-borne transmission

A

The spread of a disease due to the bite of a vector capable of transmitting that disease

60
Q

Ventral

A

Refers to the front or belly side of the body or organ

Medical Terminology (5 decks)

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