Chapter 2. The Foundation of Behavior Management

Question 1

Abolishing Operations

Answer 1

an environmental event that decreases the reinforcing value of something.

Question 2

aversive

Answer 2

anything that results in an escape of avoidance response

Question 3

avoidance response

Answer 3

response that allows for the removal or delay of something aversive

Question 4

backward chaining

Answer 4

Teaching the final step in the chain until its mastered, then teaching the next step together with the final step, and so on.

Question 5

behavioral model

Answer 5

scientific approach that assumes human behavior is determined by a persons interaction with his or her environment, which includes the physical setting and the social surroundings.

Question 6

chaining

Answer 6

putting individual behaviors together to form a more complex behavior

Question 7

continuous reinforcement schedule

Answer 7

reinforcement for each behavior a student displays

Question 8

dependent variables

Answer 8

behaviors that are changed when the independent variables are manipulated

Question 9

deprivation

Answer 9

increase in the reinforcing value of something due to a lact of it.

Question 10

differential reinforcement

Answer 10

Involves reinforcing a behavior in the presence of something, while not reinforcing in the presence of something else.

Question 11

discriminative stimulus

Answer 11

(Sd)Signal indicating a response in its presence was reinforced in the past and will likely result in a reinforcer in the future.

Question 12

dual stimulus function

Answer 12

Each link serves as an Sd for the next link and as a conditioned reinforcer for the previous link

Question 13

establishing operations

Answer 13

an environmental event that increases the value of something as a reinforcer

Question 14

extinction

Answer 14

permanent removal of the source of reinforcement for a behavior

Question 15

extinction burst

Answer 15

rapid increase in the fre

Question 16

fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement (FI)

Answer 16

reinforcement of the first response after a set of time has elapsed

Question 17

fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement (FR)

Answer 17

reinforcement of a certain number of responses; the last response in a series of responses is reinforces

Question 18

forward chaining

Answer 18

teaching the first step in a chain of behaviors until it is mastered, then teaching the first and second steps together until they are mastered, and so on.

Question 19

four-term contingency

Answer 19

addition of a setting event prior to the antecedent, behavior, and consequence in a three-term contingency.

Question 20

generalized reinforcers

Answer 20

reinforcer paired with several other reinforcers (both primary and secondary): not dependent on the same reinforcer used for conditioning.

Question 21

independent variables

Answer 21

things under control that are being manipulated in order to change a behavior

Question 22

intermittent reinforcement schedule

Answer 22

reinforcement given on a periodic basis following student behaviors; consists of fixed-interval, variable-interval, fixed-ratio, and variable-ratio reinforcement

Question 23

negative punishment

Answer 23

removal of something reinforcing contingent on a behavior that results in a decrease in the future likelihood of the behavior

Question 24

negative reinforcement

Answer 24

removal of something aversive contingent on the occurrence of a behavior that results in an increase in the future likelihood of the behavior

Question 25

positive punishment

Answer 25

something added to the environment contingent on the occurrence of a behavior that results in a decrease in the likelihood of that behavior over time

Question 26

positive reinforcement

Answer 26

something added to the environment contingent on the occurrence of a behavior that results in an increase in the future likelihood of the behavior

Question 27

postreinforcement pause

Answer 27

delay that occurs after reinforcement on a fixed-ratio schedule

Question 28

primary aversive

Answer 28

something that is not learned that results in an escape or avoidance response (e.g., electric shock, nauseating smell)

Question 29

primary positive reinforcer

Answer 29

something that is a reinforcer without being learned; also called an unconditioned reinforcer (e.g, food, water, warmth)

Question 30

punishment

Answer 30

as a consequence for behavior, the presentation or removal of something that reduces the future likelihood

Question 31

S-delta

Answer 31

Indicates a behavior in its presence will not be reinforced

Question 32

Satiation

Answer 32

decrease in the reinforcer effectiveness of a stimulus due to receiving that stimulus

Question 33

schedules of reinforcement

Answer 33

points at which reinforcers are delivered for the purpose of increasing or maintaining behavior

Question 34

secondary aversive

Answer 34

things that are learned that result in an escape or avoidance response; things that are not aversive from the time we are born (e.g., grades, reprimands)

Question 35

secondary positive reinforcers

Answer 35

something that acquired a reinforcing function through pairing with a previously established reinforcer; those reinforcers that are learned (also called conditioned reinforcers), including praise, money, grades, and reprimands.

Question 36

setting event

Answer 36

antecedent occurring in the environment that sets the occasion for certain behaviors; also, part of a four-term contingency

Question 37

spontaneous recovery

Answer 37

return of a behavior at various times after that behavior seems to be eliminated.

Question 38

stimulus control

Answer 38

situation in which a behavior is changed by providing or removing an antecedent stimulus.

Question 39

task analysis

Answer 39

breakdown of a task into several links or steps

Question 40

three-term contingency

Answer 40

made up of the antecedent, behavior, and that consequence; used to explain behavior

Question 41

reward

Answer 41

something given to a student that does not necessarily result in the increased future likelihood of the behavior

Question 42

modeling

Answer 42

showing students how to do the skill

Question 43

motivating operations

Answer 43

environmental variables that change the reinforcing value of something

Question 44

total chaining; whole task chaining

Answer 44

teaching the chain of behaviors at once

Question 45

variable-interval schedule of reinforcement (VI)

Answer 45

reinforcement of the first response after an average amount of time has elapsed

Question 46

variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement

Answer 46

reinforcement after an average number of responses

Question 47

variable

Answer 47

have an effect on the behavior