Chapter 2. The Foundation of Behavior Management Flashcards
Abolishing Operations
an environmental event that decreases the reinforcing value of something.
aversive
anything that results in an escape of avoidance response
avoidance response
response that allows for the removal or delay of something aversive
backward chaining
Teaching the final step in the chain until its mastered, then teaching the next step together with the final step, and so on.
behavioral model
scientific approach that assumes human behavior is determined by a persons interaction with his or her environment, which includes the physical setting and the social surroundings.
chaining
putting individual behaviors together to form a more complex behavior
continuous reinforcement schedule
reinforcement for each behavior a student displays
dependent variables
behaviors that are changed when the independent variables are manipulated
deprivation
increase in the reinforcing value of something due to a lact of it.
differential reinforcement
Involves reinforcing a behavior in the presence of something, while not reinforcing in the presence of something else.
discriminative stimulus
(Sd)Signal indicating a response in its presence was reinforced in the past and will likely result in a reinforcer in the future.
dual stimulus function
Each link serves as an Sd for the next link and as a conditioned reinforcer for the previous link
establishing operations
an environmental event that increases the value of something as a reinforcer
extinction
permanent removal of the source of reinforcement for a behavior
extinction burst
rapid increase in the fre
fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement (FI)
reinforcement of the first response after a set of time has elapsed
fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement (FR)
reinforcement of a certain number of responses; the last response in a series of responses is reinforces
forward chaining
teaching the first step in a chain of behaviors until it is mastered, then teaching the first and second steps together until they are mastered, and so on.
four-term contingency
addition of a setting event prior to the antecedent, behavior, and consequence in a three-term contingency.
generalized reinforcers
reinforcer paired with several other reinforcers (both primary and secondary): not dependent on the same reinforcer used for conditioning.
independent variables
things under control that are being manipulated in order to change a behavior
intermittent reinforcement schedule
reinforcement given on a periodic basis following student behaviors; consists of fixed-interval, variable-interval, fixed-ratio, and variable-ratio reinforcement
negative punishment
removal of something reinforcing contingent on a behavior that results in a decrease in the future likelihood of the behavior
negative reinforcement
removal of something aversive contingent on the occurrence of a behavior that results in an increase in the future likelihood of the behavior
positive punishment
something added to the environment contingent on the occurrence of a behavior that results in a decrease in the likelihood of that behavior over time
positive reinforcement
something added to the environment contingent on the occurrence of a behavior that results in an increase in the future likelihood of the behavior
postreinforcement pause
delay that occurs after reinforcement on a fixed-ratio schedule
primary aversive
something that is not learned that results in an escape or avoidance response (e.g., electric shock, nauseating smell)
primary positive reinforcer
something that is a reinforcer without being learned; also called an unconditioned reinforcer (e.g, food, water, warmth)
punishment
as a consequence for behavior, the presentation or removal of something that reduces the future likelihood
S-delta
Indicates a behavior in its presence will not be reinforced
Satiation
decrease in the reinforcer effectiveness of a stimulus due to receiving that stimulus
schedules of reinforcement
points at which reinforcers are delivered for the purpose of increasing or maintaining behavior
secondary aversive
things that are learned that result in an escape or avoidance response; things that are not aversive from the time we are born (e.g., grades, reprimands)
secondary positive reinforcers
something that acquired a reinforcing function through pairing with a previously established reinforcer; those reinforcers that are learned (also called conditioned reinforcers), including praise, money, grades, and reprimands.
setting event
antecedent occurring in the environment that sets the occasion for certain behaviors; also, part of a four-term contingency
spontaneous recovery
return of a behavior at various times after that behavior seems to be eliminated.
stimulus control
situation in which a behavior is changed by providing or removing an antecedent stimulus.
task analysis
breakdown of a task into several links or steps
three-term contingency
made up of the antecedent, behavior, and that consequence; used to explain behavior
reward
something given to a student that does not necessarily result in the increased future likelihood of the behavior
modeling
showing students how to do the skill
motivating operations
environmental variables that change the reinforcing value of something
total chaining; whole task chaining
teaching the chain of behaviors at once
variable-interval schedule of reinforcement (VI)
reinforcement of the first response after an average amount of time has elapsed
variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement
reinforcement after an average number of responses
variable
have an effect on the behavior
