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Biology Midterm Review > Chapter 2: The Chemical Properties Of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2: The Chemical Properties Of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

What are all organisms composed of?

A

Matter

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2
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that has mass and takes up space

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3
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance that cannot be broken down any further

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4
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance consisting of 2 or more elements.

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5
Q

About how many elements are essential to human life?

A

25

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6
Q

What 4 elements make up 96% of the human body?

A

Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon and hydrogen.

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7
Q

What are the trace elements?

A

Elements that are essential but only in small quantities

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8
Q

How does salt illustrate emergent properties?

A

A compound sometimes has different traits than an element, the elements that make up salt are, in their pure forms, a poisonous gas and a metal

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9
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

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10
Q

What is a proton?

A

A subatomic particle with a positive charge

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11
Q

What is an electron?

A

A subatomic particle with a negative charge

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12
Q

What is a neutron?

A

A subatomic particle with a neutral charge

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13
Q

What is a nucleus in terms of an atom?

A

The center of the atom where protons and neutrons are located

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14
Q

What is an atomic number?

A
  • the number of protons in an atom

- each element has its own specific number

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15
Q

What is a mass number?

A

-the total protons and neutrons in an element

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16
Q

What is the atomic mass?

A

The total mass of the protons, neutrons and electrons, but because electrons weigh so little it is approximately equal to the mass number

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17
Q

What is an isotope?

A

An element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons than typical. It behaves the same in chemical reactions, however, its properties are different from that of the normal element.

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18
Q

What is a radioactive isotope?

A

An isotope that’s nucleus decays spontaneously giving off particles and energy

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19
Q

How can radioactive isotopes be beneficial?

A

They can be used to tag chemicals and make them traceable within the body

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20
Q

How can radioactive isotopes be harmful?

A

Uncontrolled exposure can lead to damage of the DNA and cancer

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21
Q

How do electrons effect the atom chemically?

A

Their mass increases as they go away from protons

22
Q

What are electron shells?

A

Electrons can only be found in certain parts of the atom, these parts are called electron cells.

23
Q

What are orbitals?

A

Electrons can only be found in certain parts of electron shells, these are orbitals. The first electron cell only has one orbital and can only hold two electrons, after that electron shells have four orbitals and can carry 8 total electrons.

24
Q

How are chemical properties decided?

A

It is only the number of electrons in the last cell, called the valence shell that contribute to chemical properties.

25
Q

What are chemical bonds?

A

It is when an atom has an unfilled valence shell and as a result interacts with other atoms in order to fill it

26
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

When atoms share two or more electrons forming a molecule. It is the strongest bond

27
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

An atoms tendency to attract electrons

28
Q

What are nonpolar covalent bonds?

A

When electrons are shared equally.

29
Q

What is a polar bond?

A

A bond where one atom is slightly positive and one is slightly negative.

30
Q

What is a polar molecule?

A

A molecule with unequal charges

31
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom who’s charge is positive or negative because it shared or gained an electron

32
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

When two ions with opposite charges are attracted and held together

33
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

When hydrogen forms a polar covalent bond, it has a slightly positive charge which attracts negative atoms towards it

34
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

The breaking and making of chemical bonds

35
Q

What are reactants?

A

The input in a chemical reaction

36
Q

What are products?

A

The output of a chemical reaction

37
Q

What is cohesion?

A

How much a molecule sticks to other similar molecules, water is very cohesive

38
Q

What is adhesion?

A

How much a substance sticks to another substance

39
Q

What is surface tension?

A

The measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid

40
Q

What is heat?

A

The amount of energy in an area

41
Q

What is temperature?

A

The average speed of molecules in an area

42
Q

What is evaporative cooling?

A

When a substance evaporates it leaves behind the coldest molecules

43
Q

What is a solution?

A

A liquid consisting of a uniform mix of two substances

44
Q

What is a solvent?

A

The part that dissolves the other substances

45
Q

What is the solute?

A

The part that is dissolved?

46
Q

What is the universal solvent?

A

Water

47
Q

What is an aqueous solution?

A

One where water is the solvent

48
Q

What is an acid?

A

A substance that donates hydrogen electrons to a solution

49
Q

What is a base?

A

A compound that accepts electrons, removing them from the solution

50
Q

What is the pH scale?

A

A scale measuring how acidic or basic a solution is

51
Q

What are buffers?

A

Liquids contain buffers which keeps their pH level stable

Biology Midterm Review (3 decks)

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