Chapter 2 - The Chemical Context Of Life

Question 1

What is matter ?

Answer 1

Anything that takes up mass and exits in many forms

Question 2

What are elements ?

Answer 2

Any substance that can’t be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

Question 3

What are compounds ?

Answer 3

Substances that consist of two or more different elements

Question 4

These 4 elements makes up 96% of all living matter.

Answer 4

Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, and Carbon

Question 5

This subatomic particle is positively charged ?

Answer 5

Proton

Question 6

This subatomic particle is negatively charged ?

Answer 6

Electrons

Question 7

This subatomic particle is neutrally charged ?

Answer 7

Neutrons

Question 8

1.) ________ and 2.) __________ are densely packed in the atomic nucleus with 3.) __________ forming a cloud around the nucleus.

Answer 8

1.) Protons
2.) Neutrons
3.) Electrons

Question 9

Every element has the same number of _________ and ___________.

Answer 9

Protons and electrons

Question 10

Atomic number refers to the number of _____________ and is written at the bottom of the element.

Answer 10

Protons

Question 11

Atomic Mass refers to the number of __________ + ____________ and is written at the top of the element.

Answer 11

Protons and Neutrons

Question 12

Isotopes are different forms of the same element. Having the same protons and electrons but different __________.

Answer 12

neutrons

Question 13

The 1st electron shell can hold up to ____ electrons.

Answer 13

2

Question 14

The 2nd electron shell can hold up to _____ electrons. This is known as the ________.

Answer 14

8, Octet Rule

Question 15

An atom with a complete valence shell (8) is ?

Answer 15

Non-reactive and will not interact with other atoms

Question 16

Only atoms with incomplete valence shell (less than 8) can ?

Answer 16

Make chemical bonds

Question 17

Covalent bonds

Answer 17

Share electrons by two atoms and makes a molecule

Question 18

The attraction of atoms from the electrons of a covalent bond is called ____________.

Answer 18

ELECTRONEGATIVITY

Question 19

The more electronegative an atom is the more __________ it pulls towards itself.

Answer 19

Electrons

Question 20

Non-polar covalent bonds

Answer 20

Share equal parts of the electron because the electronegativity is the same

Question 21

Polar covalent bonds

Answer 21

Do not share electrons equally or at all because one atom is more electronegative than the other.
Example : Oxygen (O) is more electronegative than Hydrogen (H) and pulls 2 H atoms towards itself making water (H2O)

Question 22

Ionic Bonds

Answer 22

Atoms share or transfer electrons which makes an ion from an ionic bond

Question 23

Positively charged ions that lose/transfer electrons are ?

Answer 23

Cations (+)

Question 24

Negativity charged ions that gain/accept electrons are ?

Answer 24

Anions (-)

Question 25

Hydrogen atoms bond to an electronegative atom, giving it _____________

Answer 25

partially charged positive areas

Question 26

Hydrogen bonds are usually seen as _______ lines and bonded to oxygen with ________ lines.

Answer 26

Dotted, straight