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Biology > Chapter 2; The Chemical Context Of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2; The Chemical Context Of Life Flashcards

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0
Q

Define element:

A

A substance that cannot be broken down to other substance by chemical reactions.

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1
Q

What is matter?

A

Organisms are composed Of matter, Which is defined as anything that takes up space and has mass. (EX: Rocks, Metals, Oil, Gas, Living organisms)

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2
Q

What is a compound?

A

It is a substance consisting of two or more Different elements combined.

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3
Q

What is Trace Elements?

A

An element indispensable for life but requires an extremely minute amounts.

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4
Q

What is an atom?

A

It is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element.

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5
Q

What Are three kinds of particles from the Atom?

A

Neutrons, Protons, Electrons

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6
Q

Are Protons and electrons electrically charged?

A

True.

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7
Q

Each proton has one unit of positive charge and each electrictron has one unit of negative charge.

A

True

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8
Q

What is atomic nucleus?

A

Are protons and neutrons that are packed together In a dense court at the center of an atom.

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9
Q

What is Dalton?

A

I measure of Atoms and subatomic particles; The same as the atomic mass unit or AMU.

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10
Q

Define atomic number:

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, Unique for each element and is designated by a subscript.

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11
Q

What is the mass number?

A

The sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

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12
Q

Define atomic mass:

A

The mass number is an approximation of the total mass of an atom.

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13
Q

What are isotopes?

A

One of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but different. Number of neutrons – different and atomic mass.

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14
Q

Define radioactive isotopes:

A

One in which the nucleus decay spontaneously, Given off particles and energy.

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15
Q

What is energy?

A

Defined as the capacity to cause change, for instant by doing work.

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16
Q

What is potential energy?

A

The energy that matter processes because of its location or Structure.

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17
Q

And energy level of electrons at the characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom is what?

A

Electron shell

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18
Q

The chemical behavior of an atom Depends mostly On the number of electrons in its outermost shell. True or false?

A

True

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19
Q

What is valence electron?

A

And electron in the outermost electron shell.

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20
Q

What is valance shell?

A

The outermost energy shell of an atom, Containing the valance electrons Involved In the chemical re- action of that atom.

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21
Q

Define chemical bonds:

A

An Interaction between two atoms, Resulting from sharing of outer shell Electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the Atoms. The bonded Atoms gain complete outer electron shells.

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22
Q

What is covalent bond?

A

The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.

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23
Q

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds constitute what?

A

Molecules

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24
Q

What is a pair of shared electrons?

A

Single bond

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25
Q

What is a double bond?

A

A double covalent bond; The sharing of two pairs of valence electrons by two atoms.

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26
Q

When the bonds form, They give the Atom the full complement Of electrons in the valence shell. What is this?

A

Valence

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27
Q

What is the attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a Covalent bond?

A

The electronegativity.

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28
Q

Define nonpolar covalent bond:

A

A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of the similar electronegativity.

29
Q

A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more Electronegative atom, Making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive. What kind of bond is this?

A

Polar covalent bond

30
Q

What is Ion?

A

A charged atom.

31
Q

When the charge is positive the ion is specifically called:

A

Cation

32
Q

What does anion mean

A

Negatively charged ion

33
Q

What is ionic bond?

A

Is when cations and anions attracted each other.

34
Q

Compounds formed by ionic bonds are called:

A

Ionic compound Or salts.

35
Q

Define hydrogen bond:

A

A noncovalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative Atom

36
Q

What are van der waals interactions?

A

Are individually weak and occur only when atoms and molecules are very close together. However can be very. powerful due to simultaneous interactions.

37
Q

The making and breaking of chemical bonds leading to changes in the composition of matter, Are called :

A

Chemical reactions

38
Q

What is a reactant?

A

A starting material in a chemical reaction.

39
Q

What is products?

A

A material resulting from a chemical reaction.

40
Q

Define chemical equilibrium:

A

The pt at which the reactions offset one another.

41
Q

What is polar molecule?

A

A molecule (such as water) With an even distribution Of charges In different regions of the molecule.

42
Q

Define cohesion:

A

The linking together of like molecules,often by hydrogen bonds.

43
Q

Adhesion is what?

A

The clinging of one substance to another.

44
Q

A relation of cohesion that measures of how difficult it is stretch or break the surface of a liquid is?

A

Surface tension

45
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

The energy of motion.

46
Q

Define thermal energy:

A

The kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules.

47
Q

Represents the average kinetic energy of the molecule , regardless of volume is what?

A

Temperature

48
Q

Define heat:

A

Thermal energy in transition from one body of matter to another.

49
Q

One convenient unit of heat used in this book is;

A

Calorie(cal)

50
Q

The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1C degree is what?

A

Kilocalorie (kcal)

51
Q

Another energy unit used in this book is:

A

Joule(j)

52
Q

What is specific Heat?

A

A substance is defined as the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost For 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by one Celsius degree.

53
Q

What is heat of evaporation?

A

The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be convinced from the liquid to the gaseous state.

54
Q

What is evaporative cooling:

A

The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state.

55
Q

What is solution?

A

A liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances.

56
Q

The dissolving agent of a solution is what?

A

Solute

57
Q

What is aqueous solution ?

A

A solution in which water is the solvent.

58
Q

Hydration shell is?

A

The sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion.

59
Q

Hydrophilic is?

A

Any substances that has an affinity for water.

60
Q

Hydrophobic is?

A

Having no affinity for h20. Tending to coalesce and form droplets in water.

61
Q

What is molecular mass?

A

Sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule.

62
Q

What is a mole(mol)?

A

The number of grams of a substance that equal It’s mocular Weight in Dalton’s and contains avogrados # of molecules

63
Q

Define molarity:

A

The number of moles of solute per liter of solution- the unit of concentration most often used by biologists for aqueous solutions.

64
Q

What is hydrogen ion ?

A

A single proton with a charge of (1+).

65
Q

A water molecule that has lost a proton; OH- is what?

A

Hydroxide ion

66
Q

Define hydronium ion:

A

A wAter molecule that has lost a proton; OH-.

67
Q

A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution is what?

A

An acid

68
Q

A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution is called:

A

A base

69
Q

What is PH?

A

A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log[H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14.

70
Q

What is buffer?

A

A substance that minimizes changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution

Biology (3 decks)

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