Chapter 2 Test Review (biology) Flashcards
What are the 3 points of the Cell Theory?
All living things are made of cells.
Cells are the basic unit of life.
All cells come from other cells
What’s the difference between plant and animal cells?
Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts; animal cells do not.
Plant cells have a big central vacuole; animal cells have small ones.
What does the nucleus do?
It’s like the brain of the cell.
It controls everything the cell does and holds the DNA (the instructions for life).
What does the cell membrane do?
It’s the skin around the cell.
It protects the cell and controls what comes in (like food) and goes out (like waste).
What is the cytoplasm?
It’s the jelly-like fluid that fills the cell.
It holds all the organelles (little cell parts) and helps things move around inside the cell.
What do mitochondria do?
Known as the powerhouse of the cell.
It takes food and turns it into energy that the cell can use to do work.
What does the vacuole do?
It’s like a storage room in the cell.
It stores water, food, and waste.
Plant cells have one big vacuole, animal cells have small ones.
What is the cell wall? (plant)
It’s a strong wall outside the cell membrane.
It gives the plant cell shape, strength, and protection.
What do chloroplasts do? (plant)
They are green organelles that do photosynthesis.
They use sunlight to make food (sugar) for the plant.
They have a green chemical called chlorophyll.
Who are the key scientists for the Cell Theory?
Matthias Schleiden: All plants are made of cells.
Theodor Schwann: All animals are made of cells.
Rudolf Virchow: Cells come from other cells.
What’s the difference between microscopes?
Light microscope: Uses light, can see living stuff.
Electron microscope: Uses beams, sees tiny details but kills the cells.
Parts of a compound microscope and their jobs?
Eyepiece: Look through it.
Objective lenses: Zoom in more.
Stage: Holds the slide.
Coarse focus: Big focus.
Fine focus: Small focus.
Light source: Shines light.
How is the cell cycle regulated?
Checkpoints stop the cell if there are mistakes. They make sure the cell is growing correctly, copying its DNA properly, and getting ready to divide safely.
What are types of cancer screening?
Self-exams
Mammograms (breast)
Pap tests (cervix)
Colonoscopies (colon)
What imaging technologies help diagnose cancer?
X-rays
Ultrasound
CT scan
MRI scan
What are cancer treatments?
Surgery: Cut out the cancer.
Chemotherapy: Drugs to kill cancer cells.
Radiation: Beams to kill cancer.
Immunotherapy: Boost the immune system.
Stem cell transplant: Replace damaged cells.
Targeted therapy: Attack cancer cells only.
