Chapter 2 TB Vocab

Question 1

Describe what aspect of evolution is represented by a phylogenetic tree

Question 2

Learn the relationships among Bacteria, Archaea, green algae, plants, fungi, and animals, and the origin of mitochondira and of chloroplasts

Question 3

phylogenetic tree

Answer 3

• a diagram portraying the history of ancestral-descendant relationships between lineages
• “tree of life” proposed for all species being connected, extant and extinct

Question 4

Common ancestors

Answer 4

• aka shared ancestors
• a lineage (often designated as a taxon) from which two or more descendant lineages evolved

Question 5

Name two groups of prokaryotes

Answer 5

Bacteria and Archaea

Question 6

How do eukaryotes come about?

Answer 6

symbiotic association between an archaean and bacterium that evolved into a mitochondrion

Question 7

Describe role of green algae in eukaryotes

Answer 7

acquired symbiotitc photosynthetic cyanobacteria that evolved into chloroplasts, gave rise to true plants

Question 8

taxon

Answer 8

taxonomic unit where individuals are assigned

Question 9

higher taxon

Answer 9

a taxon above the species level, such as a named genus or phylum

Question 10

anagenesis

Answer 10

evolutionary change of a feature within a lineage over some period of time

Question 11

cladogenesis

Answer 11

branching of lineages during phylogeny

Question 12

divergence

Answer 12

process by which two evolving lineages become different

Question 13

divergent evolution

Answer 13

evolution of differences between two lineages that have a recent common ancestor

Question 14

phylogeny

Answer 14

• history of descent of a group of taxa such as species from their common ancestors, including the order of branching and sometimes the absolute times of divergence

Question 15

lineage/branch

Answer 15

• a series of ancestral and descendant populations through time
• usually refers to a single evolving species, but may include several species descended from a common ancestor

Question 16

clade

Answer 16

the set of species descended from a particular ancestral species

Question 17

sister groups

Answer 17

two clades that originate from a common ancestor

Question 18

How do you identify a more closely related species to another?

Answer 18

• two species are more closely related to each other than to a third species if they are derived from a more recent common ancestor

Question 19

character

Answer 19

feature, trait

Question 20

outgroup

Answer 20

a taxon that diverged from a group of other taxa (the ingroup) before they diverged from one another

Question 21

parsimony

Answer 21

• economy in the use of means to an end
• the principle of accounting for observations by that hypothesis requiring the fewest or simplest assumptions that lack evidence
• in systematic, the principle of invoking the minimal number of evolutionary changes to infer phylogenetic relationships

Question 22

hybrid speciation

Answer 22

origin of a species by hybridization between two other species

Question 23

horizontal gene transfer (HGT)

Answer 23

• Movement of genetic material (usually one or more genes) between different organisms that do not interbreed
• HGT contrasts with the introgression of genes by hybridization

Question 24

gene tree

Answer 24

• a diagram representing the history by which gene copies have been derived from ancestral gene copies in previous generations
• the copies may or may not different in their sequences
• aka gene geneology

Question 25

species tree

Answer 25

a phylogenetic tree in which the tips are species

Question 26

gene duplication

Answer 26

• the process whereby new genes arise as copies of preexisting gene sequences
• if the duplicates diverge in function, they can form a gene family

Question 27

gene family

Answer 27

• two or more loci with similar nucleotide sequences that have been derived from a common ancestral sequence and that have diverged to at least some degree in their functions