Chapter 2: Structure, Function, and Inheritance of the Human Genome

Question 1

Within a haploid nuclear genome, how many base pairs are there?

Answer 1

3200 Mbp

Question 2

In a diploid cell, how many copies of the haploid genome are there?

Answer 2

2

Question 3

How many chromosomes are there per diploid cell?

Answer 3

46

Question 4

A diploid, somatic cell consists of:

Answer 4

1. nucleus
2. cytoplasm
3. mitochondrion

Question 5

How many mitochondrion are there in a diploid cell?

Answer 5

100s to 1000s

Question 6

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is how many base pairs long?

Answer 6

16 569 bp

Question 7

How many copies of mtDNA are there per mitochondrion?

Answer 7

2 - 10 copies

Question 8

How many copies of mtDNA are there in a diploid cell?

Answer 8

1000s of copies per cell

Question 9

What is the shape of mtDNA?

Answer 9

circular molecule

Question 10

Which bases are purines?

Answer 10

adenine and guanine

Question 11

Which bases are pyramidines?

Answer 11

cytosine and thymine

Question 12

Each base is joined to:

Answer 12

a sugar molecule, deoxyribose

Question 13

Each deoxyribose has:

Answer 13

a phosphate group attached to it; the sugar and phosphate only play a structural role in DNA and carry no information

Question 14

What is methylation?

Answer 14

Modification of a cytosine base in DNA by the addition of a methyl group, to yield 5-methylcytosine; methylation of other bases occur in other organisms.

Question 15

Methylation plays a role in:

Answer 15

gene regulation

Question 16

The phosphate of one nucleotide is joined to the sugar of another, and so on, and this forms the:

Answer 16

sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA

Question 17

Because the deoxyribose group itself is asymmetrical, it provides __ to the backbone.

Answer 17

polarity

Question 18

The end of a DNA or RNA molecule bearing a free hydroxyl (-OH) group (unattached to another nucleotide) on the 3’ carbon

Answer 18

3’ end

Question 19

The end of a DNA or RNA molecule bearing a free hydroxyl (-OH) group (unattached to another nucleotide) on the 5’ carbon

Answer 19

5’ end

Question 20

What is replication?

Answer 20

The copying of a double-stranded DNA molecule to yield two double-stranded daughter molecules

Question 21

What is translation?

Answer 21

The production of a protein from an mRNA molecule within the ribosome

Question 22

What is transcription?

Answer 22

The production of an RNA molecule from a gene (DNA)

Question 23

Strong chemical bonds between atoms in a molecule requiring considerable energy to be broken

Answer 23

covalent bonds

Question 24

Weak inter-atomic bond either within a molecule or between molecules; these are the bonds between bases in a base pair of DNA

Answer 24

hydrogen bond

Question 25

What is denaturation?

Answer 25

The separation of the strands of DNA, often by heating or treatment with alkali; in PCR, the first stage of a cycle, in which the temperature is typically 94 C

Question 26

How many hydrogen bonds are there between a G and a C?

Answer 26

3

Question 27

How many hydrogen bonds are there between an A and a T?

Answer 27

2

Question 28

The higher the number of hydrogen bonds between bases:

Answer 28

the more energy is needed to denature