Chapter 2: Statistics Flashcards
The act of assigning numbers or symbols to characteristics of things according to rules.
Measurement.
This refers to methods used to provide concise description of a collection of quantitative information.
Descriptive statistics.
This refers to methods used to make inferences from observations of a small group of people known as sample to a larger group of individuals known as population.
Inferential statistics.
This refers to the property of “moreness.”
Magnitude.
This refers to when the difference between two points at any place on the scale has the same meaning as the difference between two other points that differ by the same number of scale units.
Equal intervals.
This refers to when nothing of the property being measured exists.
Absolute zero (Absolute 0).
A set of numbers whose properties model empirical properties of the objects to which the numbers are assigned.
Scale.
This refers to the collective influence of all the factors on a test score or measurement beyond those specifically measured by the test or measurement.
Error.
The four (4) levels of the scales of measurement.
- Nominal
- Ordinal
- Interval
- Ratio
This involves classification or categorization based on one or more distinguishing characteristics.
Nominal.
This involves rank ordering on some characteristics.
Ordinal.
This contains equal intervals but has no absolute zero point.
Interval.
This has a true zero point.
Ratio.
This refers to statistics that indicates the average or midmost score between the extreme scores in a distribution.
Measures of central tendency.
This refers to the average of all the raw scores.
Mean.
This refers to the middle score in a distribution.
Median.
This refers to the most frequently occurring score in the distribution.
Mode.
An indication of how scores in a distribution are scattered or dispersed.
Variability.
This refers to statistics that describe the amount of variation in a distribution.
Measures of variability.
This is the bell-shaped, smooth, mathematically defined curve that is highest at its center.
Normal curve.
The normal curve is also known as?
Gaussian curve.
This refers to a raw score that has been converted from one scale to another scale.
Standard score.
This results from the conversion of a raw score into a number indicating how many SD (standard deviation) units the raw score is below or above the mean of the distribution.
Z-scores.
A scale with a mean set at 50 and a standard deviation set at 10.
T-scores.
A method of scaling test scores on a nine-point standard scale with a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of 2.
Stanine.
This divides a scale into 10 units.
STEN (standard to ten).
A statistical method that uses a sample data to evaluate a hypothesis about a population.
Hypothesis testing.
This hypothesis states that there is no change, no difference, or no relationship.
Null hypothesis.
This hypothesis states that there is a change, difference, or a relationship.
Alternative hypothesis.
This is used to define the concept of “very unlikely” in a hypothesis test.
Alpha level / level of significance.
This is used to test hypotheses about an unknown population mean and variance.
T-test.
This refers to the number that provides an index of the strength of the relationship between two things.
Correlation coefficient.
An expression of the degree and direction of correspondence between two things.
Correlation.
This refers to an extremely atypical point located at a relatively long distance from the rest of the coordinate points in a scatterplot.
Outlier.
This is used for prediction.
Regression analysis.
This refers to the performances by defined groups on particular tests.
Norms.
This refers to when certain tests have different normative groups for particular age groups.
Age-related norms.
This test compares each person with the norm.
Norm-referenced tests.
This test describes specific types of skills, tasks, or knowledge that the test taker can demonstrate.
Criterion-referenced tests.
