Chapter 2: Statistics

Question 1

The act of assigning numbers or symbols to characteristics of things according to rules.

Answer 1

Measurement.

Question 2

This refers to methods used to provide concise description of a collection of quantitative information.

Answer 2

Descriptive statistics.

Question 3

This refers to methods used to make inferences from observations of a small group of people known as sample to a larger group of individuals known as population.

Answer 3

Inferential statistics.

Question 4

This refers to the property of “moreness.”

Answer 4

Magnitude.

Question 5

This refers to when the difference between two points at any place on the scale has the same meaning as the difference between two other points that differ by the same number of scale units.

Answer 5

Equal intervals.

Question 6

This refers to when nothing of the property being measured exists.

Answer 6

Absolute zero (Absolute 0).

Question 7

A set of numbers whose properties model empirical properties of the objects to which the numbers are assigned.

Answer 7

Scale.

Question 8

This refers to the collective influence of all the factors on a test score or measurement beyond those specifically measured by the test or measurement.

Answer 8

Error.

Question 9

The four (4) levels of the scales of measurement.

Answer 9

1. Nominal
2. Ordinal
3. Interval
4. Ratio

Question 10

This involves classification or categorization based on one or more distinguishing characteristics.

Answer 10

Nominal.

Question 11

This involves rank ordering on some characteristics.

Answer 11

Ordinal.

Question 12

This contains equal intervals but has no absolute zero point.

Answer 12

Interval.

Question 13

This has a true zero point.

Answer 13

Ratio.

Question 14

This refers to statistics that indicates the average or midmost score between the extreme scores in a distribution.

Answer 14

Measures of central tendency.

Question 15

This refers to the average of all the raw scores.

Answer 15

Mean.

Question 16

This refers to the middle score in a distribution.

Answer 16

Median.

Question 17

This refers to the most frequently occurring score in the distribution.

Answer 17

Mode.

Question 18

An indication of how scores in a distribution are scattered or dispersed.

Answer 18

Variability.

Question 19

This refers to statistics that describe the amount of variation in a distribution.

Answer 19

Measures of variability.

Question 20

This is the bell-shaped, smooth, mathematically defined curve that is highest at its center.

Answer 20

Normal curve.

Question 21

The normal curve is also known as?

Answer 21

Gaussian curve.

Question 22

This refers to a raw score that has been converted from one scale to another scale.

Answer 22

Standard score.

Question 23

This results from the conversion of a raw score into a number indicating how many SD (standard deviation) units the raw score is below or above the mean of the distribution.

Answer 23

Z-scores.

Question 24

A scale with a mean set at 50 and a standard deviation set at 10.

Answer 24

T-scores.

Question 25

A method of scaling test scores on a nine-point standard scale with a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of 2.

Answer 25

Stanine.

Question 26

This divides a scale into 10 units.

Answer 26

STEN (standard to ten).

Question 27

A statistical method that uses a sample data to evaluate a hypothesis about a population.

Answer 27

Hypothesis testing.

Question 28

This hypothesis states that there is no change, no difference, or no relationship.

Answer 28

Null hypothesis.

Question 29

This hypothesis states that there is a change, difference, or a relationship.

Answer 29

Alternative hypothesis.

Question 30

This is used to define the concept of "very unlikely" in a hypothesis test.

Answer 30

Alpha level / level of significance.

Question 31

This is used to test hypotheses about an unknown population mean and variance.

Answer 31

T-test.

Question 32

This refers to the number that provides an index of the strength of the relationship between two things.

Answer 32

Correlation coefficient.

Question 33

An expression of the degree and direction of correspondence between two things.

Answer 33

Correlation.

Question 34

This refers to an extremely atypical point located at a relatively long distance from the rest of the coordinate points in a scatterplot.

Answer 34

Outlier.

Question 35

This is used for prediction.

Answer 35

Regression analysis.

Question 36

This refers to the performances by defined groups on particular tests.

Answer 36

Norms.

Question 37

This refers to when certain tests have different normative groups for particular age groups.

Answer 37

Age-related norms.

Question 38

This test compares each person with the norm.

Answer 38

Norm-referenced tests.

Question 39

This test describes specific types of skills, tasks, or knowledge that the test taker can demonstrate.

Answer 39

Criterion-referenced tests.