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Linguistics > Chapter 2: Sounds of Language: Phonetics and Phonology > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Sounds of Language: Phonetics and Phonology Flashcards

0
Q

acoustic phonetics

A

The study of the physical properties of speech sounds.

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1
Q

articulatory phonetics

A

The study of how speech sounds are produced by the vocal apparatus.

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2
Q

auditory phonetics

A

The study of the perception of speech sounds by the ear.

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3
Q

phone

A

Smallest phonetic segment that can be isolated in a stream of speech, for example, /p/, /ae/.

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4
Q

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

A

The alphabet of the International Phonetic Association designed to represent the sounds of all the world’s languages.

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5
Q

vocal tract

A

The body organs that are involved in the production of speech sounds, including the lungs, glottis, pharynx, and oral and nasal cavities.

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6
Q

egressive airstream mechanism

A

An airstream produced by forcing air out of the vocal tract. Most sounds of most languages are produced on the egressive pulmonic airstream.

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7
Q

ingressive airstream mechanism

A

An airstream produced by drawing air into the oral or nasal cavity. Ingressive airstream may be used when speaking while taking a breath; it is also used with glottalic and velaric airstream in the formation of implosive a and clicks.

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8
Q

vocal folds

A

A set of muscles in the larynx resembling a pair of flaps that can be brought together more or less tightly to modify the stream of air passing through. Also called vocal cords.

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9
Q

voiced phone

A

A speech sound produced by the vocal apparatus of an animal, for example, barking of a dog, bird songs.

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10
Q

voiceless phone

A

A speech sound produced with the glottis open, without vibration of the vocal folds.

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11
Q

oral cavity

A

The mouth.

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12
Q

nasal cavity

A

The chamber behind the nose through which air passes when the velum is lowered.

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13
Q

velum

A

The soft part of the roof of the mouth behind the hard palate.

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14
Q

nasal

A

A sound produced when the velum is lowered, permitting air to pass into the nasal cavity, which acts as a resonating chamber.

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15
Q

consonant

A

A speech sound produced with a narrowing or closure at some point in the vocal tract.

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16
Q

vowel

A

A resonant speech sound that is produced without significant constriction in the oral cavity.

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17
Q

place of articulation

A

The location in the vocal tract of the constriction of airflow in a consonant, for example, dental, palatal.

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18
Q

manner of articulation

A

The way the airstream is obstructed and modified as it passes through the constriction in the vocal tract in the production of a consonant. Manners of articulation include stop, nasal, fricative.

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19
Q

bilabial

A

A sound made with both lips, for example, [m], [b].

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20
Q

labiodental

A

A sound articulated with the bottom lip in contact with the upper teeth.

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21
Q

dental phone

A

A consonant with the teeth as the place of articulation.

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22
Q

interdental

A

A sound produced with tip or blade of the tongue between the upper and lower teeth, for example, the initial segment of the.

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23
Q

alveolar

A

A speech sound produced by bringing the tip or blade of the tongue towards or against the alveolar ridge, for example, [t], [n].

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24
Q

palatal

A

A consonant produced with constriction in the region of the palate.

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25
Q

alveopalatal

A

A sound produced with constriction in the region just behind the alveolar ridge, for example, the initial phone of she.

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26
Q

velar

A

A consonant produced with constriction in the region of the velum.

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27
Q

uvular phone

A

A speech sound made with the tongue making contact or approximating to the uvula, as in [q].

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28
Q

uvula

A

The small appendage hanging down at the back of the soft palate or velum.

29
Q

pharyngeal

A

A consonant sound with the pharynx as its place of articulation, for example, the Danish rhotic is a pharyngeal approximant.

30
Q

pharynx

A

The tubular cavity in the vocal tract located above the larynx and oriented roughly at right angles to the oral cavity.

31
Q

glottal

A

A sound produced with constriction in the glottis, e.g with complete closure a glottal stop results.

32
Q

glottis

A

The opening between the vocal folds.

33
Q

voice onset time (VOT)

A

The period between the release of a stop and the onset of voicing in a following vowel. Vocal onset time can be negative, zero, or positive.

34
Q

aspirated

A

A feature of a voiceless stop in which a puff of air follows its release, caused by a brief sound delay between the release of the stop and the beginning of voicing a following vowel.

35
Q

fricative

A

A consonant produced with a narrow but incomplete obstruction in the vocal tract, resulting in a friction sound as the airstream passes through.

36
Q

affricate

A

A sound produced by a stop followed by slow release accompanied by friction noise, for example, the first segment of chap, written ch.

37
Q

lateral

A

A manner of articulation of a consonant whereby the air escapes via one or both sides of an obstruction in the oral cavity, for example, [l].

38
Q

rhotic

A

An r-like speech sound.

39
Q

glides

A

Vowel like consonant sounds produced with minimal obstruction the passage of air at its point of articulation. Also called a semivowel.

40
Q

vowel

A

A resonant speech sound that is produced without significant construction in the oral cavity.

41
Q

vowel height

A

The relative height of the highest point of the tongue in the mouth in the production of the vowel, for example [i] is a high vowel because the highest point of the tongue is very high in the mouth (cf. [ae] where the high point is lower).

42
Q

high vowel

A

A vowel with the high point of the tongue relatively high in the oral cavity, for example, [i], [u].

43
Q

mid vowel

A

A vowel in the production of which the high point of the tongue is in a relatively neutral position in the mouth, neither high nor low.

44
Q

back vowel

A

A vowel produced by moving the body of the tongue towards the back of the mouth, so that its high point towards the back of the mouth, for example, [o], [upside-down omega thing].

45
Q

central vowel

A

A vowel produced with the high point of the tongue in the centre of the mouth on the front-back axis.

46
Q

rounded vowel

A

A vowel accompanied by rounding of the lips, as with [u] and [y].

47
Q

glottalic airstream mechanism

A

An airstream produced by forming a cavity above the larynx, which is compressed or rarified by raising or lowering the glottis; then the upper obstruction is released.

48
Q

adjective

A

A speech sound produced on an egressive glottalic airstream. The air in a cavity above the larynx is compressed by raising the glottis, and the pent-up air is then released.

49
Q

implosive

A

A speech sound produced on an ingress ice glottalic airstream. The air in a cavity above the larynx is rarified by lowering the larynx, and closure in the oral cavity is released, allowing air to be sucked in.

50
Q

velaric airstream mechanism

A

An airstream produced by placing the back of the tongue against the velum and making a second closure further forward in the oral cavity. The enclosed space is then enlarged, radiating the air within; the second closure is next released, and the air flows inwards.

51
Q

click

A

A speech sound produced by a velaric airstream mechanism. The back of the tongue makes a closure at the velum, and a second contact is made further forward in the oral cavity. The enclosed space is next enlarged so that the air within it is rarified; the second closure is then released, and the air flows inwards with a clicking noise. English tut! tut! is made up of clicks; clicks are part of the regular phonology of Khoisan and nearby Bantu language.

52
Q

coarticulation

A

The simultaneous production of a speech sound at two places of articulation (e.g. the labio-velar /w/ of English) or with two manners of articulation (e.g. affricates).

53
Q

diphthong

A

A vowel sound involving significant movement of the tongue from one vowel position to another.

54
Q

syllable

A

A minimal unit of speech production, normally composed of a vowel or vowel-like consonant that is optionally preceded and/or followed by a consonant.

55
Q

prosody or suprasegmental

A

A phonetic quality that is spread over a sequence of phones, for example, stress, intonation, tone, loudness.

56
Q

pitch

A

The frequency of vibration of the vocal folds.

57
Q

tone

A

The contrastive pitch on a syllable in a tone language, in which minimal pairs may exist that differ only in syllable tone.

58
Q

tone language

A

A language in which tone is phonemic, as in many languages of Africa, America, and South-East Asia.

59
Q

intonation

A

The pitch contour of a phrase or sentence.

60
Q

stress, stressed syllable

A

A syllable perceived as prominent due to greater length, loudness and/or higher pitch than other syllables in a word.

61
Q

phonology

A

The sound system of a language, including the inventory of phonemes and their paradigmatic and syntagmatic patterning; also the study of the sound systems of languages.

62
Q

allophone

A

One of the alternative phonetic realizations of a phoneme.

63
Q

phoneme

A

A minimal unit in the phonology of a language that is capable of making the difference between words; a distinctive phone.

64
Q

free variation

A

Where one sound can replace another in a given environment without giving rise to a new word.

65
Q

complementary distribution

A

When two speech sounds do not share any environments of occurrence they are said to be in complementary distribution.

66
Q

conditioning factor

A

A circumstance that, when met, leads to the choice of one allophone or allomorph, for example, a conditioning factor for the unaspirated allophone [p] is that it follows a word initial [s] as in [spin].

67
Q

suspicious pair

A

A pair of phones that are sufficiently similar to be potentially allophones of a single phoneme.

68
Q

minimal pair

A

Two words that are identical except for a single phoneme in a certain position, for example, pin and bin in English.

69
Q

transcription

A

The representation of a spoken or signed utterance in the written mode.

70
Q

broad transcription

A

A transcription of a spoken utterance that indicates the major phonetic features, usually using a limited range of basic symbols.

71
Q

narrow transcription

A

A detailed phonetic transcription.

Linguistics (2 decks)

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