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Historical Linguistics > Chapter 2: Sound Change > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Sound Change Flashcards

1
Q

What is a regular sound change?

A

A change that occurs generally and take place uniformly wherever phonetic circumstances in which the change happens are encountered.

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2
Q

What is unconditioned change?

A

A sound change that occurs generally, not dependent on the context in which it occurs. It will modify the sound in all contexts in which it occurs, regardless of other sounds in the word.

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3
Q

What is conditioned change?

A

More restricted sound changes that affect only some of the sound’s occurrences, those in particular contexts, but not other occurrences.

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4
Q

What is an allophonic change?

A

A non-phonemic change, which means that it does not alter the total number of phonemes in language or change on phone into another phoneme.

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5
Q

What is a phonemic change?

A

A sound change that alters how many phonemes are in a language by adding or deleting them.

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6
Q

What is a merger?

A

A merger is a change where two or more distinct sound merge into one, leaving fewer distinct phonemes in the language.

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7
Q

Can mergers be reversed?

A

No, once the sounds have become one, it is impossible to go back to the two original sounds.

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8
Q

What is a split?

A

Change where one sound splits into two different ones based on the environment it is in.

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9
Q

What comes first? Mergers or splits?

A

Mergers!

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10
Q

What is a secondary split?

A

A split (also called phonologization) where the total number of phonemes in a language increases.

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11
Q

What is a primary split?

A

Some variant (allophone) of a sound (a phoneme) abandons that original phoneme and joins some other phoneme instead, leaving a gap in the environments in the language where the phoneme can occur.

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12
Q

What is the other term for primary split?

A

A conditioned merger

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13
Q

What is a sporadic change?

A

A change that affects only one or a few words, and do not apply generally though out a language.

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14
Q

What is assimilation?

A

One sound becoming more similar to another.

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15
Q

What are the classifications of assimilation? (3)

A

Total/partial, contact/distant, regressive/progressive.

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16
Q

What is dissimilation?

A

Change in which sounds become less similar to each other.

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17
Q

Is dissimilation usually regular or sporadic?

A

Regular, but sporadic occurrences are possible.

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18
Q

What is more common for dissimilation: distant or contact?

A

Distant.

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19
Q

What is syncope?

A

The deletion of a vowel from the interior of the word. (atata > atta)

20
Q

What is apocope?

A

The deletion of a sound, usually a vowel, from the end of the word. (tata > tat)

21
Q

What is aptaeresis?

A

The deletion of the initial sound (usually a vowel) of a word. (atata > tata). Can be regular or sporadic.

22
Q

What is epentheses?

A

The insertion of a sound in to the word, which can be in several different ways.

23
Q

What is prothesis?

A

Addition of sound at the beginning of word. Ex; Latin /stabula/ ‘stable’ > Old French /estable/

24
Q

What is anaptyxis?

A

A vowel inserted between two consonants.

25
Q

What is excrescence?

A

Consonant being inserted between other consonants; the result is phonetic sequences that are easier to produce. Ex; amra > ambra; anra > andra)

26
Q

What is paragoge?

A

Addition of sound (usually a vowel) at the end of the word.

27
Q

What is compensatory lengthening?

A

Where something is lost and another segment, usually a vowel, is lengthened, to compensate for the loss.

28
Q

What is rhotacism?

A

Change in which s or z becomes r - usually this takes place between vowel or glides; some assume that rhoaticism go through the stages of (s > z > r).

29
Q

What is metathesis?

A

The transposition of sounds, essentially switching them. Most instances are sporadic, but it can be a regular change.

30
Q

What is haplology?

A

Change in which a repeated sequence of sounds is simplified to a single occurrence. (Probably > Probly).

31
Q

What is breaking?

A

Refers to the dipthongization of a short vowel in particular contexts.

32
Q

What is final-devoicing?

A

Devoicing of stops or obstruents word finally; some language devoice sonorants too (l, r, w ,j, nasals) and some vowels.

33
Q

What is Intervocalic voicing?

A

Sounds to become voiced when between vowels.

34
Q

What is nasal assimilation?

A

Nasals changing to agree with the point of articulation of following stops. (np > mp, mt > nt)

35
Q

What is palatalization?

A

A change toward a sound pronounced with the alveolar ridge. Usually takes place before a or after i and j and before other front vowels.

36
Q

What is vowel raising and vowel lowering?

A

The change of low vowels change to mid or high vowels, and the high vowels changing to mid or low vowels.

37
Q

What is nasalization?

A

Vowels becoming nasalized in the environment of nasal consonants. The typical scenario is the nasal vowel to become phonemic when later in the time the nasal consent is lost.

38
Q

What is lenition?

A

Weakening; loose notion applied to variety of kinds of changed in which sound is less articulated.

39
Q

What is strengethening?

A

Notion that the sound is somehow stronger in articulation that the original sound was.

40
Q

What is gemination?

A

The doubling of consonants.

41
Q

What is degemination?

A

Sequence of two identical consonants becoming only one.

42
Q

What is affrication?

A

Change in which a sound, usually a stop, sometimes a fricative, becomes an affricate. Ex; t > ts/____i

43
Q

What is spirinization?

A

Sound becoming a fricative. Affricate is weakened to fricative, or a stop will become a fricative.

44
Q

What is deaffrication?

A

When an affricate becomes a fricative (sometimes).

45
Q

What is lengthening?

A

Change in which some sound, usually a vowel, is lengthened in some context. Ex; Mayan vowels are lengthened before a consonant cluster which begins with a sonorant.

46
Q

What is shortening?

A

Sounds, particularly vowels, undergo changes which shorten them in contexts, such as word-finally, before consonant clusters, when unstressed and so on.

Historical Linguistics (2 decks)

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