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Soils > Chapter 2 - Soil origin and classification > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Soil origin and classification Flashcards

1
Q

Igneous Rock

A

Solidified, molten lava; slow to break down

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2
Q

Sedimentary Rock

A

Formed from particles that settle, such as from minerals deposited from suspension in water

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3
Q

Metamorphic Rock

A

Formed from other rocks, such as continental plates moving and other pressures; tends to create stronger rock (granite, slate)

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4
Q

Weathering

A

Chemical and physical breakdown and/or synthesis of particles

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5
Q

Biogeochemical Weathering

A

Weathering by

  • water
  • oxygen
  • biological agents
  • acids and bases (H+, OH-) produced by micro org and plant roots
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6
Q

Factors influencing soil formation

A

1) Parent material
2) Climate
3) Biota
4) Topography
5) Time

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7
Q

Soil formation - parent material

A

Formed in place or moved to a new location

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8
Q

Residual Parent Material

A

Developed in place from underlying rock

Weathered and breaks apart

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9
Q

Colluvial Materials

A

Rock fragments that are above a deposit of soil

Rocks carried down a slope - gravity

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10
Q

Alluvial Materials

A 
Moved by water
Flood plains, delta deposits, coastal sediment
Ice movement (glaciers)
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11
Q

Eolian Movement

A

Wind
One of the biggest movers of soil
Builds dunes and loess
Volcanic ash

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12
Q

Loess

A

Silt-sized particles moved by wind

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13
Q

Organic deposits - examples/attributes

A

Marshes, swamps
Slow degradation
Creates peat

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14
Q

Soil formation - climate: factors

A 
Precipitation/moisture (including humidity) - needed for most chemical reactions
Seasonal rains
Evaporation
Leaching
Hydrolysis
Temperature
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15
Q

Hydrolysis chemical reaction

A

Addition of H2O to make a reaction occur to break down material
Ex: starch (carbohydrates) + H2O -> breaks down into glucose(s)

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16
Q

Soil formation - biota

A

living organisms, microorganisms (bacteria, fungus)

17
Q

Grassland characteristics

A
  • Deep OM, grass roots
  • Less acidic
  • Main recycler: bacteria
18
Q

Forest characteristics

A
  • Surface OM
  • More acidic
  • Recycler: fungus
19
Q

Macro-organism (worms) functions in soil

A
  • Aerate
  • Worm castings - fertilize
  • Mucus helps soil bind together
20
Q

Pedoturbation

A

Organisms mixing the soil (turning “peds”)

21
Q

Soil formation - topography

A

Slopes, valleys, flatlands, depressions

22
Q

Soil formation - time

A

Time of aging

23
Q

Basic Soil Formation Process (4 steps)

A

1) Transformation - physical and chemical weathering, breakdown & synthesis
2) Translocation - movement of soil, any direction
3) Additions - water, OM, soil via wind
4) Losses - leaching, erosion, grazing, crops, evaporation, wind

Soils (12 decks)

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