Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud Flashcards
Freiberg, Moravia
Freud’s birthplace, now part of the Czech Republic
Jacob & Amalie Nathanson Freud
Freud’s parents
Vienna, Austria
Freud’s home for nearly 80 years
Julius
Freud’s brother who died at 6 months of age, Freud was jealous of him; Freud harbored an unconscious wish for his death
University of Vienna Medical School
Where Freud studied
Why Freud didn’t continue his work
As a jew, he believed his opportunities for academic achievement would be limited
His father became less able to provide monetary aid
General Hospital of Vienna
Where Freud worked for 3 years, becoming familiar with the practice of various branches of medicine, including psychiatry and nervous diseases
Jean-Martin Charcot
French Neurologist that Freud worked with for 4 months. Freud learned the hyptonic technique for treating hysteria
Hysteria
Disorder characterized by paralysis on the improper functioning of certain parts of the body
Josef Breuer
Viennese physician who taught Freud about catharsis
Catharsis
The process of removing hysterical symptoms through talking them out
Free Association Technique
Discovered while using catharsis; replaced hypnosis as his principal therapeutic technique
Reasons why Freud abandoned the Seduction Theory
The seduction theory had not enabled him to successfully treat even a single patient.
A great number of fathers would have to be accused of sexual perversion because hysteria was common even among Freud’s siblings
Freud believed the unconscious mind could probably not distinguish reality from fiction
The unconscious memory of advanced psychotic patients almost never revealed early childhood sexual experiences
Books written by Freud
Interpretation of Dreams Psychopathology of Everyday Life Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious On Dreams
Wednesday Psychological Society
Former name of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society
Freud, Adler, Stekel, Kahane, & Reitler were original members
Carl Jung
Designated the Crown Prince and the Man of the Future
Two levels of mental life
Conscious and unconscious
Two levels of the unconscious
Unconscious and Preconscious
Unconscious
Contains all those drives, urges, or instincts that are beyond our awareness but nevertheless motivate most of our words, feelings, and actions
Dreams
Serve as a particularly rich source of unconscious material
To enter the conscious level of the mind
Unconscious images must be disguised to slip past the primary censor and elude a final censor that watches the passageway between the preconscious and the conscious
Punishment and suppression
Create feelings of anxiety which in turn stimulates repression
Repression
The forcing of unwanted, anxiety-ridden experiences into the nconscious as a defense against the pain of that anxiety
Phylogenetic endowment
Freud’s term for inherited unconscious images
Preconscious level of the Mind
Contains elements that are not conscious but can become conscious either quite readily or with some difficulty
Sources of Preconscious Images
Conscious Perceptions and Unconscious
How ideas reach consciousness
Perceptual conscious system and within the mental structure and includes nonthreatening ideas from thepreconscious as well as menacing but well-disguised images from the unconscious
Id
Sole function is to seek pleasure; serves the pleasure principle; unrealistic, illogical and can simultaneously entertain incompatible ideas; primitive, chaotic, inaccessible to the consciousness, unchangeable, amoral, illogical, unorganized, and filled with energy received from basic drives and discharged for the satisfaction of the pleasure principle; operates through the primary process
Ego
Only regiono f the mind in contact with reality; grows out of the id; Governed by the reality principle; partly conscious, partly preconscious, and partly unconscious; tries to reconcile the blind, irrational claims of the id and the superego with the realistic demands of the external world
Defense Mechanisms
Defends the ego against anxiety
Superego
Represents the moral and ideal aspects of personality and is guided by the moralistic and idealistic principles; has no contact with the outside world; unrealistic in its demands for perfection
Subsystems of the Superego
Conscience and the Ego Ideal
Conscience
Results from experiences with punishments for improper behavior and tells us what we should not do
Ego Ideal
Develops from experiences with rewards for proper behavior and tell us what we should do
Drive
Operate as a constant motivational force; cannot be avoided through flight; characterized by impetus, source, aim, and object
Groups of Drives
Sex (Eros) and aggression
Thanatos (Distraction)
Libido
SEx drive
Impetus
Amount of force a drive exerts
Source of the Drive
The region of the body in a state of excitation or tension
Aim of the Drive
To seek pleasure by removing that excitation or reducing the tension
Object of a drive
The person or thing that serves as a means through which the aim is satisfied
Erogenous Zones
Areas of the body capable of producing sexual pleasure
Primary Narcissism
Self-centerness of infants with their libido invested exclusively on their own ego
Secondary Narcissism
When libido is redirected back to the ego and become preoccpied with personal appearance and other self-interests
Sadism
The need for sexual pleasure by inflicting pain or humiliation on another person
Masochism
Becomes a perversion when Eros becomes subservient to the destructive drive; experience sexual pleasure from suffering pain and humiliation inflicted either by themselves or by others
Aggression
The aim is to return an organism to an inorganic state
Anxiety
Felt, affective, unpleasant state accompanied by a physical sensation that warns a person against impending danger; ego preserving mechanism, self-regulating
Kinds of Anxiety According to Freud
Neurotic Anxiety
Moral Anxiety
Realistic Anxiety
Neurotic Anxiety
Apprehension about an unknown danger; feeling itself exists in the ego, but it originates from id impulses
Moral Anxiety
Stems from the conflict between the ego and the superego
Realistic Anxiety
Closely related to fear; an unpleasant, nonspecific feeling involving a possible danger
Defense Mechanisms
Used to avoid dealing directly with sexual and aggressive implosives and to defend itself against the anxiety that accompanies them
Types of Defense Mechanisms
Repression, Reaction Formation, Displacement, Fixation, Regression, Projection, Introjection, and Sublimation
Repression
Forcing threatening feelings into the unconscious
What happens to impulses after they become unconscious, according to Freud?
Impulses can remain unchanged in the unconscious
They force their way into consciousness in an unaltered form
They are expressed in displaced or disguised forms
Reaction Formation
Adopting a disguise that is directly opposite its original form
Displacement
Redirecting unacceptable urges onto a variety of people or objects so that the original impulse is disguised or concealed
Fixation
Remaining at the present, more comfortable psychological stage
Regression
Reverting to earlier, safer, more securer and to inverst thepatterns of behavioir libido onto more primitive and familiar objects
Projection
Seeing in others unacceptable feelings or tendencies that actually reside in one’s own unconscious
Introjection
When people incorporate positive qualities of another person into their own ego
Sublimation
Repression of the genital aim of Eros by substituting a cultural or social aim
Stages of Development
Infantile Stage
Latency Stage
Genital Stage
Stages within the infantile Stage
Oral Stage
Anal Stage
Phallic Stage
Oedipal Stage
When a child desires sexual union with one parent while harboring hostility for the other
Dreams & Freudian Slips
Disguised means of expressing unconscious impulses
Freudian Slips
Parapraxes, reveal unconscious intention of the person
Freud & Concept of Humanity
Determinism - Freud believed behavior is determined by past events; behaviors are rooted in unconscious strivings that lie beyond present awareness
Pessimistic - innate death wish drives us towards self-destruction or aggression
Causality - people constantly attempt to reduce tension; to relieve anxieties; to repress unpleasant experiences; to regress to earlier more secure stages of development; and to compulsively repeat behaviors that are familiar and safe
Unconscious - motivations underlying our actions are deeply embedded in our unconscious and are frequently different from what we believe them to be
Biological Influences - Many infantile fantasies and anxieties are rooted in biology
Uniqueness - individual experiences shape people in a somewhat unique manner and account for many of the difference between personalities
Free Association
Patients are required to verbalize every thought that comes to mind no matter now irrelevant or repugnant it may appear
Transference
The strong sexual or aggressive feelings, positive or negative, that patients develop toward their analyst during the course of treatment
Negative Transference
Comes in the form of hostility; must be recognized by therapist and explained to patients so they can overcome any resistance to treatment
Resistance
A variety of unconscious responses used by patients to block their own progress in therapy, can be a positive sign because it indicates that therapy has advanced beyond superficial material
Dream Analysis
Transforming the manifest content of dreams to the more important latent content
Manifest Content
Surface meaning or the conscious description given by the dreamer
Latent Content
Unconscious material of dreams
