Chapter 2 Section 1 Beginning of Civilization Flashcards
When was Uruk, the first city, settled in Southwest Asia?
nearly 3000 years ago.
Revolution
a complete change in ways of thinking, working, or living
domesticate
change the growth of plants or behavior of animals in ways that are useful for humans.
(e.g., from a wild cat to a house cat)
surplus
more than needed
specialization
when someone spends most of their time working at a single job or craft.
Paleolithic Era is also called…
Old Stone Age
What did people in the Paleolithic Era live as?
Hunter-gatherers
10,000 years ago what Era occurred?
Neolithic Era
How long was the Neolithic Era?
2,000-4,000 years
What changes took place between Paleolithic Era and Neolithic Era?
People went from hunter-gatherers to farmers.
Give another name for Neolithic Era that historians sometimes use:
Neolithic Agricultural Revolution
When did the last ice age end?
about 12,000 years ago.
Give an example of how people modified their enviornment so they could produce more food?
cleared trees and bushes by setting them on fire.
How did dogs help early man?
Dogs evolved from wolves. And humans domesticated the dogs to help in the hunt as well as companionship and protection.
What benefit did domesticated plants serve early man?
crops from these plants became a nutritious and relaiable source of food.
name some grains that became chief food sources for entire societies
wheat, rice, maize (corn)
How were plants domesticated?
Peple selected the seeds of the plants that produced teh best crops to sow again, resulting in more abudant and higher quality food.
What kind of early tools did farmers create and use?
Axes to cut down trees for farmland.
Sicles to harvest grain crops.
Hand mills to groind grain crops
Do we know where people first began to plant seeds for food?
No one knows for sure, but historians guess about 10,000 years ago SW Asia became the first center for agriculture
What were some early crops grown in South America?
Squash, Cotton, Beans
what were some early crops grown in West Africa?
Millet and Rice
What were some early crops grown in China?
rice and millet
List some of the costs of shifting from hunting to agriculture
planting crops and herding animals took a great deal of time.
farming was uncertain; if a year’s crop failed, a family might starve.
Farming was dangerus; bands of nomads attacked farmers.
What are some benefits experienced by early farmers?
farming produced more food and required less land than hunting and gathering.
An early farmer might need 6-7 acres to feed themselves for a year; whereas a hunter-gatherer family might need 20,000 acres in which to find enough food for a year.
Able to build permanent homes and villages
