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Senior Fitness Specialist > Chapter 2 - Scope of Practice > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Scope of Practice Flashcards

1
Q

Define gerontology.

A

The scientific study of the aging process.

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2
Q

Define chronological aging.

A

Aging that is determined by the number of years a person has lived since birth

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3
Q

Define biological aging.

A

Aging that is based on the amount of decline or pathology in the body as opposed to years of life.

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4
Q

Define senescence.

A

The loss of characteristics needed for a cell or whole organism to function.

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5
Q

How many adults over the age of 65 CURRENTLY live in the United States? What is that percentage of the total population?

A

Currently, more than 54 million adults over the age of 65 live in the United States, accounting for approximately 17% of the total population.

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6
Q

By 2030, how many adults over the age of 65 will live in the United States? What is that percentage of the total population?

A

Estimates project that by 2030, 74 million people 65 or older will occupy the United States. That will account for nearly 21% of the population.

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7
Q

By 2050, how many adults over the age of 65 will live in the United States?

A

Globally, the World Health Organization anticipates that the number of adults aged 65 and older will double to around 2 billion by 2050

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8
Q

What are the 3 main concerns/burdens about the large increase in the 65 or older population worldwide?

A

The large increase in the 65 or older population worldwide may result in a greater burden on the economic, social security, and health systems of a society.
Population aging is raising concerns over the greater cost of providing both healthcare support for older adults, as well as the economic issues relative to having a smaller share of working people who pay into the cost of population health

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9
Q

Define healthy aging.

A

Concept of increased years of disease-free quality of life.

A form of aging that includes an increase in the years of improved quality of life due to lack of pathology.

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10
Q

List the top 10 causes of deaths in older adults in 2018. Diseases and the % of total deaths

A

33.3% Heart Disease
27.2% Cancer
8.6% Chronic Pulmonary
8.0% Stroke
7.6% Alzheimer’s Disease
3.8% Diabetes Mellitus
3.6% Accidents
3.1% Influenza/Pneumonia
2.7% Kidney Disease
2.1% Parkinson’s Disease

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11
Q

Define sarcopenia.

A

Age-related loss of muscle mass.

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12
Q

Define osteoporosis.

A

A significant loss of bone mineral density that places a client at risk for fractures and is treated with medications and lifestyle management.

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13
Q

Define osteopenia.

A

A mild loss of bone mineral density that is treated with lifestyle management (diet and exercise).

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14
Q

Define kyphosis/kyphotic.

A

An exaggerated, forward rounding of the spine.

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15
Q

Define peripheral circulatory resistance.

A

The resistance to the flow of blood in blood vessels.

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16
Q

What is the percentage of decline in aerobic capacity per decade?

A

Aerobic capacity shows a steady decline with age as much as 10% per decade after the age of 25.

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17
Q

Aerobic exercise training has shown what favorable adaptations?

A
  • Lower resting heart rate
  • Lower submaximal exercise heart rate
  • Improvements in resting blood pressure
  • Improved blood pressure responses to activity
  • Improved glucose metabolism
  • Improved insulin actions including blood glucose levels
  • Reduced arterial stiffness
  • Modest improvements in body composition, including muscle mass, bone mineral density, and body fat.
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18
Q

Healthcare professionals that fitness professionals will often network with include the following:

A
  • Medical doctors (MD or DO)
  • Physical Therapists (PT)
  • Athletic Trainers (ATC)
  • Chiropractors (DC)
  • Occupational Therapists (OT)
  • Registered Dietitian Nutritionists (RDN or RD)
  • Licensed Massage Therapist (LMT)
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19
Q

Medical Doctors (MD or DO):

A

Medical doctors (MD or DO): A medical doctor is a physician licensed to practice medicine who holds the medical doctor (MD) or doctor of osteopathy (DO) credential. Medical doctors and osteopathic doctors are licensed to diagnose and treat all aspects of healthcare needs. Both of these physicians will often refer patients to physical therapists, occupational therapists, and chiropractors to treat movement-based disorders. For patients with special dietary needs, they will refer patients to licensed nutritional specialists who hold the registered dietitian (RD) credential.

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20
Q

Physical Therapists (PT):

A

Physical Therapists (PT): A physical therapist is a practitioner who is educated in many areas of physical rehabilitation. Physical therapists can work in many settings such as hospitals, rehabilitation centers, nursing homes, schools, and fitness or sports conditioning facilities to help individuals return to regular activity following an injury. Physical therapists may practice with a bachelor’s, master’s (MSPT), or entry-level doctoral degree (DPT). Note that although many physical therapists hold a doctoral degree in the United States, they are not medical doctors.

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21
Q

Athletic Trainers (ATC):

A

Athletic Trainers (ATC): An athletic trainer often works alongside physicians, emergency medical technicians (EMTs), and other healthcare providers to help diagnose and treat injuries. Many ATCs work with sports teams as part of the sports medicine staff; however, they can also work in a variety of fitness-related settings or schools.

22
Q

Chiropractors (DC):

A

Chiropractors (DC): A chiropractor (DC) is a licensed healthcare professional who primarily deals with conditions relating to spinal alignment. Chiropractors use manual manipulation of the vertebrae to help alleviate nervous system dysfunction because all nerves in the body connect to the spinal cord. Note that although chiropractors hold a doctoral degree (Doctor of Chiropractic) in the United States, they do not hold the MD or DO credential.

23
Q

Occupational Therapists (OT):

A

Occupational Therapists (OT): An occupational therapist is a practitioner who is educated in many areas of physical rehabilitation. Occupational therapists can work in many settings such as hospitals, rehabilitation centers, nursing homes, schools, and fitness or sports conditioning facilities to help individuals return to regular activity following an injury. Occupational therapists working in hospitals and rehabilitation centers are more likely to focus on upper extremity conditions and activities of daily living.

24
Q

Registered Dietitian Nutritionists (RDN or RD):

A

Registered Dietitian Nutritionists (RDN or RD): Dieticians are food and nutrition experts who have met specific academic and professional requirements and passed the required national certification exam. These professionals provide nutritional advice, therapy, and counseling to a wide range of clients or patients, often specializing in nutritional therapy for the treatment and management of chronic disease. RDNs can work in many settings such as hospitals, nursing homes, schools, and fitness or sports conditioning facilities.

25
Q

Licensed Massage Therapist (LMT):

A

Licensed Massage Therapist (LMT): Licensed massage therapists are professionals who practice massage therapy and are licensed to therapeutically manipulate the muscles and other soft tissues of the body through physical touch. Licensed massage therapists can work in a variety of settings such as rehabilitation centers, fitness or sports performance facilities, or luxury resorts and spas or work as an independent contractor.

26
Q

Define comorbidities:

A

The existence of multiple health conditions or limitations that are present at the same time.

27
Q

How long should you maintain accurate financial, contract, appointment, and tax records, including original receipts?

A

For a minimum of 4 years.

28
Q

The screening processes includes:

A

A thorough review of medications; medical history; dietary intake, including supplements; and current health status.

29
Q

List the pos and cons of caffeine consumption in older adults:

A

The positives:
It has been associated with improved exercise performance and reduced falls
The Negatives:
It has been associated with uncontrolled hypertension.

Understanding the client’s diet and consumption may help to prevent undesirable responses to exercise

30
Q

Guidelines when checking a clients blood pressure with hypertension:
- Target systolic blood pressure.
- Common errors made when measuring blood pressure.

A

Recent guidelines suggest that the target systolic blood pressure for individuals older than 65 is < 130 mm Hg.

Systolic blood pressure will increase with exercise, whereas diastolic blood pressure should stay the same or possibly decrease. Some guidelines include avoiding any exercise for a client who has a blood pressure of ≥ 180/110 mm Hg.

Many errors made during blood pressure measurements include using a cuff that is too small, applying the cuff over clothes, or having the arm hanging and unsupported

31
Q

Define orthostatic hypotension:

A

The term orthostatic hypotension is used to describe hypotension noted on standing, which increases a client’s risk for falls.

Orthostatic Hypotension is common among older adults and occurs when there is a rapid drop in blood pressure when transitioning from seated to standing. Close monitoring by the fitness professional, and the use of a sturdy object for support, is advised for older adults when rapidly moving from seated to standing to avoid a fall

32
Q

Define angina:

A

Chest pain from the heart and vessels.

33
Q

Define hypotension:

A

Abnormally low blood pressure (<90/60 mm Hg) that may cause dizziness or fainting.

34
Q

Define anticoagulant medications:

A

​​​​​​​Medications that thin the blood and may cause bruising.

35
Q

What do most clients with angina carry with them?

A

Clients who have angina typically carry a prescription of nitroglycerin with them at all times. This medication helps dilate the arteries (open or expand) so that the patient will get relief from chest pain. Nitroglycerin is usually placed under the tongue in the case of angina. The Senior Fitness Specialist should recognize this medication and be sure that the client brings it with them at all times and that the Senior Fitness Specialist knows where it is located in case of an emergency such as a client experiencing angina.

36
Q

Define tendinopathy:

A

Chronic or acute injury to a tendon that results in pain, weakness, swelling, and impaired function.

37
Q

The musculoskeletal system consists of:

A

Bones, muscles, joints, and soft tissues.

38
Q

The neurological system consists of:

A

The brain, spinal cord, and the nerves that travel throughout the body.

39
Q

Define myoglobinuria:

A

Dark or cola colored urine usually from damage to muscles, may indicate rhabdomyolysis.

40
Q

Define rhabdomyolysis:

A

A critical condition from damage to muscles (striated muscle fibers rupture, releasing their contents into the bloodstream) that is a potential life-threatening emergency.

41
Q

The integumentary system consists of:
The gastrointestinal (GI) system consists of:
The genitourinary (GU) system consists of:

A
  • The integumentary system is basically the skin.
  • The gastrointestinal (GI) system consist of the digestive organs.
  • The genitourinary (GU) systems consists of organs of reproductive and urinary systems.
42
Q

The endocrine system consists of:

A

Glands that secrete hormones.

The primary endocrine glands are the hypothalamus, pineal, pancreas, thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, and reproductive glands.

43
Q

Define hypoglycemia:

A

Low blood sugar that may cause a client to feel dizzy.

44
Q

Clients with low back pain that peripheralizes:

A

Should be referred immediately to an appropriate healthcare provider.

Clients with low-back pain may have a change in pain location during exercise. Pain that is in the low-back that peripheralizes (travels from back to buttock or thigh or leg/foot) is an indication that the client should be referred immediately to an appropriate healthcare provider.

45
Q

Research shows that what percentage of older adults’ lives are spent managing healthcare problems?

A

16 to 20%

46
Q

What is a PAR-Q used for?

A

To screen for evidence of risk factors during moderate physical activity and to review family history and disease severity

47
Q

Referring the client to the appropriate medical practitioner when necessary is required as part of which component of the NASM Code of Professional Conduct?

A

Professionalism

48
Q

Where does most of the concern and risk for implementing exercise programs in the older population reside?

A

The cardiovascular and pulmonary systems

49
Q

Which type of medication is likely to increase the potential for bruising and may require the SFS to modify a client’s program?

A

Anticoagulant.

Clients who have certain cardiovascular conditions may be taking blood thinners or anti-coagulants such as coumadin and Plavix, among others. These medications are likely to increase the potential for bruising.

50
Q

Which organ is part of the endocrine system?

Pancreas
Liver
Spleen
Gallbladder

A

Pancreas

51
Q

Finish this sentence: Clients who have reduced secretion of their anabolic hormones…

A

are less likely to progress with their exercise routines and may experience delayed recovery.

Senior Fitness Specialist (4 decks)

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