Chapter 2 Scientific Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Data Collection Process

A

hypothesis, method, results, interpretation, replicability

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2
Q

Triangulation

A

examining converging information from different sources (qualitative and quantitative research)

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3
Q

hypothesis

A

a clear predictive statement; a simple language, testable, if/then

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4
Q

Method

A

how a researcher tests their hypothesis, data collection; qualitative (narrative description), quantitative (numerical values)

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5
Q

Results

A

Information collected by the researcher in an attempt to resolve their hypothesis

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6
Q

Interpretation

A

the “discussion” section of a research paper, where author’s unpack the meaning behind the results

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7
Q

Replicability

A

results should be the same if you recreate the procedures. If it is not replicable results happened by chance or errors were made

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8
Q

Meta-Analyses

A

avoids the issue of replicability

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9
Q

Falsifiable

A

state in such clear, precise terms that we can see what evidence would count against it

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10
Q

Burden of Proof

A

Obligation to present evidence to support one’s claim

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11
Q

Population

A

group you want to know about

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12
Q

Convenience Sample

A

Taken from some available subgroup in the population; not random and therefore may be biased

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13
Q

Representative Sample

A

one that resembles the population

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14
Q

Random Sample

A

taken at random from the population

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15
Q

Cross-Cultural Sample

A

2+ cultures

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16
Q

Operational Definitions

A

specific procedure for manipulating or measuring a conceptual variable (ex: IQ)

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17
Q

Conceptual Variable

A

abstract and general, researcher “thinks up” or conceptualizes this variable. (what the researcher truly wants to measure) ex: intelligence

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18
Q

Types of Observational Research

A

Naturalistic Observations, Correlational Studies, Case Histories, Surveys

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19
Q

Observational Research

A

Does not always involve literal observations however the goal is to describe people and their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors (descriptive research)

20
Q

Naturalistic Observations

A

Entails monitoring and describing subject’s behavior without intervening

21
Q

Interrater Reliability

A

degree to which multiple observers agree on their observations

22
Q

Correlational Studies

A

goal is to determine relations between the variables such as how similar or distinct are 2 variables or how well does one variable predict another variable

23
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

statistic or measure of association, reflects magnitude (numerical value) and direction (positive or negative) of relationship between 2 variables

24
Q

Case Histories

A

a thorough description of someone including: abilities/disabilities, medical condition, life history, unusual experiences, whatever else seems relevant (also called case studies)
think of phineas gage

25
Q

Surveys

A

involves people asking about their attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors

26
Q

Social Desirability Bias

A

when people present themselves in a generally favorable fashion

27
Q

Experiment

A

Research that randomly assigns people to different conditions, thus enabling researchers to make strong inferences about how different conditions affect behavior

28
Q

Independent Variable

A

variable that is manipulated, hypothesized to cause an outcome

29
Q

Subject Variable

A

variable that represents a pre-existing difference between participants

30
Q

Dependent Variable

A

variable that is measured, hypothesized to be affected by an independent variable

31
Q

Random Assignment

A

assigning research participants to different groups randomly

32
Q

Control Condition

A

condition comparable to the experimental condition in every way except for that it lacks the one “ingredient” hypothesized to produce the expected effect on the dependant variable

33
Q

Types of Experiments

A

Experiments in the Lab, Experiments in the Field, Quasi Experiments, Natural Experiments

34
Q

Experiments in the Lab

A

conducted in settings in which environment can be controlled, participants can be carefully studied, control groups allow us to draw casual inferences with a good degree of certainty however can the casual inferences made from studying people in a laboratory be generalized in the real.

35
Q

Experiments in the Field

A

an experiment set up in the real world, often with participants who are not aware that they are in a study if any kind

36
Q

Natural Experiments

A

naturally occuring events or phenomena having somewhat different conditions that can be compared with almost as much rigor as in environments where the investigator manipulates the conditions

37
Q

Quasi Experiments

A

lacks random assignment to treatment or control group

38
Q

Internal Validity

A

confidence that only the manipulated variable could have produced the results

39
Q

Experimental Expectancy

A

experiment’s expectations about the results of an experiment affect her/his behavior toward a participant and thereby influence the participant’s responses

40
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Participants form an interpretation of the purpose of the experiment and unconsciously change their behavior to fit that interpretation

41
Q

Statistically Significant

A

results that chance alone would be unlikely to produce

42
Q

Current Policies and Procedures

A

Role of Institutional Review Boards (IRBs), Importance of Informed Consent, Necessity for debriefing.

43
Q

External Validity

A

Experimental setup closely resembles real-life situations so that results can
safely be generalized to such situations but laboratory experiments often tradeoff an increase in internal validity for a decrease in external validity

44
Q
A
45
Q

Self-Report

A

Involves asking people about their attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors but they are not always accurate and may be misleading.

46
Q

Parsimony /Occam’s Razor

A

Stay open-minded, but don’t waste time on ideas that have no evidentiary support.

47
Q

Ganzfeld Procedure

A

Bem and Honorton (1994) found support and 14 other studies failed to find support (Milton & Wiseman, 1999) in Esp experiments. Lacks in both parsimony and replicability.