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Field Methods > Chapter 2: Review of the Literature > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Review of the Literature Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first step in conducting research, according to the chapter?

A) Drafting a title
B) Selecting a topic
C) Reviewing the literature
D) Designing the methodology

A

Answer: B) Selecting a topic

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2
Q

What does a working or draft title provide in research?

A) A research hypothesis
B) A roadmap for data analysis
C) A central focus and orientation
D) A theoretical framework

A

Answer: C) A central focus and orientation

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3
Q

What is a key characteristic of a good research title?

A) Complex and erudite language
B) Long and detailed explanations
C) Clear and easy-to-understand language
D) Abstract and conceptual wording

A

Answer: C) Clear and easy-to-understand language

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4
Q

How many words should a research title ideally be?

A) 3-5 words
B) 5-8 words
C) 10-12 words
D) 15-20 words

A

Answer: C) 10-12 words

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5
Q

What is a recommended approach for writing a research title?

A) Use phrases like “An Approach to . . .” or “A Study of . . .”
B) Use a single title or a double title
C) Use a complex and theoretical title
D) Avoid using the focus or topic of the study

A

Answer: B) Use a single title or a double title

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6
Q

What should a researcher focus on when posing their research topic as a question?

A) Personal opinions
B) The research methodology
C) The key topic of the study
D) Statistical analysis methods

A

Answer: C) The key topic of the study

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7
Q

What does posing the research topic as a question help with?

A) Defining the theoretical framework
B) Developing the research methodology
C) Focusing the study and refining the topic
D) Writing the conclusion

A

Answer: C) Focusing the study and refining the topic

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8
Q

What is one of the primary considerations when evaluating the significance of a research topic?

A) Whether the topic has enough available data
B) Whether the topic contributes to the existing body of research
C) Whether the researcher has personal experience with the topic
D) Whether the researcher can secure funding for the study

A

Answer: B) Whether the topic contributes to the existing body of research

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9
Q

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason for conducting a research study?

A) Replicating past studies
B) Addressing social justice
C) Gaining popularity among peers
D) Transforming beliefs and ideas

A

Answer: C) Gaining popularity among peers

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10
Q

Before proceeding with a research proposal or study, a researcher should:

A) Publish the study
B) Write a detailed introduction
C) Evaluate the significance of the topic
D) Begin collecting data

A

Answer: C) Evaluate the significance of the topic

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11
Q

What can contribute to the literature in a research study?

A) Replicating studies without modifications
B) Conducting research with familiar methods
C) Providing a new perspective or angle
D) Using outdated data

A

Answer: C) Providing a new perspective or angle

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12
Q

Which of the following is an example of a “new angle” in research?

A) Using a popular method for data collection
B) Studying an unusual group of participants
C) Studying a commonly known location
D) Repeating a past study with no changes

A

Answer: B) Studying an unusual group of participants

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13
Q

What might help a researcher decide whether a topic is worth studying?

A) The researcher’s personal interests
B) Whether there is funding for the topic
C) The topic’s regional or national appeal
D) The length of time the study will take

A

Answer: C) The topic’s regional or national appeal

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14
Q

How can a researcher ensure their study contributes to the existing body of research?

A) By repeating a study exactly as it was done before
B) By avoiding controversial topics
C) By adding new insights, perspectives, or data
D) By using only secondary sources

A

Answer: C) By adding new insights, perspectives, or data

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15
Q

What might be a reason to study a timely topic?

A) The topic is currently trending in the media
B) The topic has already been extensively researched
C) The researcher has prior personal knowledge
D) The topic aligns with the researcher’s career goals

A

Answer: A) The topic is currently trending in the media

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16
Q

What is a “literature map” used for?

A) Organizing and visualizing the information gathered in a literature review
B) Structuring the methodology for the research
C) Presenting the data analysis
D) Writing the research conclusion

A

Answer: A) Organizing and visualizing the information gathered in a literature review

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17
Q

What is a significant factor in determining the “should” of studying a research topic?

A) The amount of available funding
B) The researcher’s academic background
C) Whether the topic can add to the pool of research knowledge
D) The researcher’s popularity within the field

A

Answer: C) Whether the topic can add to the pool of research knowledge

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18
Q

What is one factor that can influence whether a research topic is significant?

A) The size of the research sample
B) The availability of research tools
C) The degree to which the topic addresses social justice
D) The number of articles published on the topic

A

Answer: C) The degree to which the topic addresses social justice

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19
Q

How should a researcher assess the potential significance of a topic?

A) By focusing on the length of the research
B) By reviewing existing research on the topic
C) By considering how easy it is to find participants
D) By determining the cost of the research

A

Answer: B) By reviewing existing research on the topic

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20
Q

What is one of the practical considerations for a researcher when selecting a topic?

A) The potential for future funding opportunities
B) The ease of publishing results
C) The availability of resources to collect and analyze data
D) The popularity of the topic in current academic journals

A

Answer: C) The availability of resources to collect and analyze data

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21
Q

What might be an example of a research topic with a broad national appeal?

A) The effectiveness of a local community outreach program
B) The impact of rural education initiatives on national academic standards
C) The history of a small-town festival
D) The psychological impact of a regional sports team

A

Answer: B) The impact of rural education initiatives on national academic standards

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22
Q

What is one characteristic of a strong research topic?

A) It is highly specialized with a narrow focus
B) It is easily comprehended by a wide audience
C) It requires minimal literature review
D) It is primarily based on personal experiences

A

Answer: B) It is easily comprehended by a wide audience

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23
Q

What is the purpose of drafting a research title early in the research process?

A) To guide the researcher’s writing style
B) To create an orienting device for the study
C) To ensure the study is completed quickly
D) To finalize the study’s methodology

A

Answer: B) To create an orienting device for the study

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24
Q

What should a researcher avoid when writing a research title?

A) Clear and descriptive language
B) Unnecessary words like “An Approach to . . .”
C) Words that reflect the central research question
D) Concise titles of 10-12 words

A

Answer: B) Unnecessary words like “An Approach to . . .”

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25
Q

What is one benefit of conducting research that addresses underrepresented groups?

A) It ensures more participants in the study
B) It helps increase funding opportunities
C) It adds diversity to the literature and promotes social justice
D) It simplifies data analysis

A

Answer: C) It adds diversity to the literature and promotes social justice

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26
Q

How should a researcher refine their research question?

A) By making it as broad as possible
B) By focusing on an issue of personal interest
C) By making it simple, clear, and focused on the key topic
D) By including complex statistical terms

A

Answer: C) By making it simple, clear, and focused on the key topic

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27
Q

What is one of the purposes of a literature review in a research study?

A) To generate hypotheses
B) To present the final results of the research
C) To provide a context for the research and identify gaps
D) To collect data for analysis

A

Answer: C) To provide a context for the research and identify gaps

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28
Q

What should a researcher do after drafting a research topic and title?

A) Begin collecting data immediately
B) Assess the feasibility and significance of the topic
C) Write the conclusion of the study
D) Submit the topic to a journal for review

A

Answer: B) Assess the feasibility and significance of the topic

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29
Q

Which of the following is a suggested way to clarify and focus a research topic?

A) Draft a detailed methodology
B) Pose the topic as a clear and concise question
C) Write an abstract for the final paper
D) Start collecting data from participants

A

Answer: B) Pose the topic as a clear and concise question

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30
Q

What is an example of a study contributing a new perspective to the literature?

A) Replicating an earlier study in the same environment
B) Conducting research with a well-established methodology
C) Studying an unusual location or group of participants
D) Reviewing existing literature without adding new insights

A

Answer: C) Studying an unusual location or group of participants

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31
Q

What is the primary purpose of a literature review in research?

A) To describe the research methodology
B) To review and discuss previous studies relevant to the research topic
C) To present the results of the study
D) To discuss data collection methods

A

Answer: B) To review and discuss previous studies relevant to the research topic

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32
Q

In which of the following ways does a literature review contribute to a research study?

A) It provides a detailed explanation of the study’s data analysis
B) It offers a framework for understanding the research problem and connects the study to existing knowledge
C) It defines the variables of the study
D) It presents the final conclusions of the study

A

Answer: B) It offers a framework for understanding the research problem and connects the study to existing knowledge

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33
Q

How should researchers shape the literature review in a research proposal?

A) By including personal opinions
B) By using literature only from the researcher’s own institution
C) By summarizing major studies addressing the research problem
D) By focusing on data collection techniques

A

Answer: C) By summarizing major studies addressing the research problem

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34
Q

In a research proposal, how much detail is typically required for the literature review?

A) A fully developed and comprehensive review
B) A brief summary of major studies
C) No literature review is needed
D) An abstract of existing studies

A

Answer: B) A brief summary of major studies

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35
Q

What form does the literature review typically take in a journal article?

A) A full chapter at the end of the article
B) An abbreviated form in a section titled “Related Literature”
C) A personal reflection on the topic
D) A detailed explanation of the research methods

A

Answer: B) An abbreviated form in a section titled “Related Literature”

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36
Q

In qualitative research, how is the literature review usually used?

A) To set the stage for the research by introducing the theoretical framework early on
B) To provide detailed statistical analysis
C) To develop a hypothesis based on existing literature
D) To summarize the results of data analysis

A

Answer: A) To set the stage for the research by introducing the theoretical framework early on

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37
Q

In which type of qualitative study is the literature review less often used to set the stage for the research?

A) Ethnography
B) Grounded theory
C) Phenomenological studies
D) Case studies

A

Answer: B) Grounded theory

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38
Q

Where can the literature review appear in a qualitative study?

A) At the beginning to frame the problem
B) As a separate chapter in the middle of the study
C) At the end to compare findings
D) All of the above

A

Answer: D) All of the above

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39
Q

In qualitative research, why might a researcher use literature sparingly at the beginning of the study?

A) To maintain an inductive design focused on learning from participants
B) To avoid bias from existing theories
C) To focus on statistical analysis
D) To fill gaps in the research

A

Answer: A) To maintain an inductive design focused on learning from participants

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40
Q

In a quantitative research project, where is the literature review typically placed?

A) At the beginning to introduce the research problem and theory
B) In the conclusion to discuss results
C) In the methods section to describe data collection
D) At the end to compare results

A

Answer: A) At the beginning to introduce the research problem and theory

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41
Q

What is the structure of a typical quantitative literature review?

A) An introduction, a review of independent variables, a review of dependent variables, a review of studies connecting the variables, and a summary
B) A hypothesis, statistical tests, and a discussion of results
C) A review of the theory and research questions
D) A summary of findings without reference to variables

A

Answer: A) An introduction, a review of independent variables, a review of dependent variables, a review of studies connecting the variables, and a summary

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42
Q

What is reviewed in Topic 1 of a quantitative literature review?

A) The independent variables
B) The dependent variables
C) The central issues in the field
D) The research question

A

Answer: A) The independent variables

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43
Q

What is the focus of Topic 2 in a quantitative literature review?

A) The relationship between independent and dependent variables
B) The dependent variables or outcomes studied
C) The statistical techniques used
D) The researcher’s personal background

A

Answer: B) The dependent variables or outcomes studied

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44
Q

What should the Topic 3 section of a quantitative literature review address?
A) Literature related to both the independent and dependent variables
B) The theoretical framework used in the study
C) A summary of methods used in previous studies
D) The data analysis techniques

A

Answer: A) Literature related to both the independent and dependent variables

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45
Q

In a quantitative study, what is the final section of the literature review typically?

A) A summary that captures major themes and suggests areas for further research
B) A detailed statistical analysis of previous studies
C) A description of the methods used
D) A personal reflection on the research process

A

Answer: A) A summary that captures major themes and suggests areas for further research

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46
Q

What is the main purpose of using literature in a quantitative study?

A) To inductively gather data from participants
B) To support the hypothesis and theory underlying the research
C) To provide an ethnographic perspective
D) To introduce a grounded theory

A

Answer: B) To support the hypothesis and theory underlying the research

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47
Q

In a mixed methods study, how is the literature used?

A) It is always the same for both the qualitative and quantitative phases
B) It follows the strategy used in the study, either qualitative or quantitative
C) It is only used at the end of the study
D) It is not included in mixed methods studies

A

Answer: B) It follows the strategy used in the study, either qualitative or quantitative

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48
Q

When the mixed methods study starts with a quantitative phase, how is the literature typically used?

A) It is minimal and inductive
B) It is used extensively to establish a rationale for the research questions or hypotheses
C) It is used only in the conclusion
D) It is included sporadically throughout the study

A

Answer: B) It is used extensively to establish a rationale for the research questions or hypotheses

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49
Q

When a mixed methods study begins with a qualitative phase, how is the literature typically used?

A) It is used at the end to inductively compare with findings
B) It is used equally throughout the study
C) It is used primarily to build hypotheses
D) It is ignored until the conclusion

A

Answer: A) It is used at the end to inductively compare with findings

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50
Q

What type of literature review model is used for a mixed methods study with equal emphasis on both qualitative and quantitative data?

A) A hybrid structure that combines both approaches
B) A purely qualitative literature review
C) A purely quantitative literature review
D) An unrelated, general review

A

Answer: A) A hybrid structure that combines both approaches

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51
Q

What is the goal of reviewing literature in a mixed methods study?

A) To develop a single theory that explains the research results
B) To provide insight into both qualitative and quantitative phases depending on the approach used
C) To determine statistical significance
D) To complete the final chapter of the study

A

Answer: B) To provide insight into both qualitative and quantitative phases depending on the approach used

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52
Q

What is a key characteristic of a literature review in qualitative research?

A) It is always comprehensive and covers all aspects of the topic
B) It is typically brief and focused on the research problem
C) It uses literature to support a theory or hypothesis
D) It only addresses methodological issues

A

Answer: B) It is typically brief and focused on the research problem

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53
Q

What is the role of a literature review in framing a qualitative research problem?

A) It defines the hypothesis to be tested
B) It serves as a theoretical framework for analyzing data
C) It introduces statistical models for analysis
D) It provides a background to justify the need for the study

A

Answer: D) It provides a background to justify the need for the study

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54
Q

How might a literature review in qualitative research be organized?

A) By focusing solely on the research problem
B) By detailing each participant’s background
C) By reviewing literature on related phenomena and theories
D) By presenting a statistical analysis of related research

A

Answer: C) By reviewing literature on related phenomena and theories

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55
Q

In quantitative research, what role does the literature review play in shaping the research questions?

A) It serves to inspire hypotheses based on previous studies
B) It provides a philosophical foundation for the research
C) It defines how participants will be selected
D) It introduces a qualitative approach to the study

A

Answer: A) It serves to inspire hypotheses based on previous studies

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56
Q

What should a quantitative literature review include when discussing the relationship between independent and dependent variables?

A) A summary of participant demographics
B) A detailed description of the research methodology
C) Scholarly studies that link the variables under investigation
D) An analysis of the researchers’ personal biases

A

Answer: C) Scholarly studies that link the variables under

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57
Q

What is a major benefit of integrating previous studies into a literature review for a qualitative study?

A) It tests hypotheses formed during the study
B) It provides a conceptual framework to guide the analysis of the data
C) It only summarizes participant demographics
D) It eliminates the need for data collection

A

Answer: B) It provides a conceptual framework to guide the analysis of the data

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58
Q

In a quantitative study, how should a literature review related to the independent variables be structured?

A) By discussing only the dependent variables in detail
B) By reviewing studies that focus solely on the independent variables
C) By summarizing methods and results without focusing on variables
D) By including only qualitative studies

A

Answer: B) By reviewing studies that focus solely on the independent variables

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59
Q

What is the purpose of a “Related Literature” section in a quantitative research article?

A) To discuss the data analysis techniques used in the study
B) To review existing literature that informs the study’s hypotheses or research questions
C) To describe the researcher’s methodology
D) To summarize participant feedback

A

Answer: B) To review existing literature that informs the study’s hypotheses or research questions

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60
Q

How does the literature review in a mixed methods study typically differ when the study uses an equal weight approach?

A) It only includes qualitative literature at the beginning and quantitative at the end
B) The review follows a hybrid structure that blends both qualitative and quantitative literature based on the design
C) The review avoids using any literature until the final phase of the study
D) It focuses solely on quantitative data and theory

A

Answer: B) The review follows a hybrid structure that blends both qualitative and quantitative literature based on the design

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61
Q

What should the researcher do if the literature review for a qualitative study reveals that the topic is not well researched?

A) Shift to a purely quantitative approach
B) Use the literature review to justify why an inductive and exploratory study is needed
C) Ignore the gaps in the literature
D) Change the research question to match existing studies

A

Answer: B) Use the literature review to justify why an inductive and exploratory study is needed

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62
Q

In which of the following types of qualitative research is literature typically less emphasized at the outset of the study?

A) Phenomenology
B) Case study
C) Ethnography
D) Grounded theory

A

Answer: D) Grounded theory

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63
Q

What is the primary role of the literature review in a mixed methods study with a sequential design?

A) To introduce both the qualitative and quantitative phases in the middle of the study
B) To review literature separately for the qualitative and quantitative phases, according to the phase being used
C) To offer a final synthesis of qualitative and quantitative data in the conclusion
D) To only use qualitative literature until the study concludes

A

Answer: B) To review literature separately for the qualitative and quantitative phases, according to the phase being used

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64
Q

In a mixed methods study, how does the literature review change if the qualitative phase comes first?

A) The review is longer and more comprehensive
B) The review is inductive and less extensive, appearing mainly at the end of the study
C) The review is written in a deductive style, similar to quantitative studies
D) The review only focuses on the quantitative phase

A

Answer: B) The review is inductive and less extensive, appearing mainly at the end of the study

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65
Q

How can the literature review help in identifying a research gap?

A) By suggesting that no further research is necessary on the topic
B) By analyzing the methods used in previous studies
C) By highlighting areas where little or no research has been conducted
D) By providing final conclusions for the study

A

Answer: C) By highlighting areas where little or no research has been conducted

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66
Q

Why should the literature review in a proposal be brief and focused on major studies?

A) Because the study is still in its early stages and may change significantly
B) To avoid overwhelming the reader with too much information
C) To eliminate the need for additional research
D) To strictly adhere to the personal preferences of the researcher

A

Answer: A) Because the study is still in its early stages and may change significantly

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67
Q

In a quantitative research article, how is the literature review typically organized?

A) By focusing on the results of the current study
B) By presenting the findings of all studies in chronological order
C) By reviewing literature according to the independent and dependent variables studied
D) By following an inductive approach based on participant feedback

A

Answer: C) By reviewing literature according to the independent and dependent variables studied

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68
Q

What is one of the primary goals of a literature review in a dissertation or thesis?

A) To discuss personal opinions on the research topic
B) To examine the relationship between the study’s variables and existing research
C) To present original data collected by the researcher
D) To focus solely on the methods used in the study

A

Answer: B) To examine the relationship between the study’s variables and existing research

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69
Q

When is it appropriate to present the literature review in a mixed methods study?

A) Only at the end of the study
B) At different points based on the phase of the study (qualitative or quantitative)
C) At the beginning and end of the study, without considering the design
D) Only after data collection is complete

A

Answer: B) At different points based on the phase of the study (qualitative or quantitative)

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70
Q

In a qualitative study, which of the following models could a researcher use for presenting the literature review?

A) Present the literature only in the conclusion
B) Present the literature in a separate chapter, following the research design section
C) Place the literature in the introduction to justify the research problem
D) Use literature as a substitute for data collection

A

Answer: C) Place the literature in the introduction to justify the research problem

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71
Q

What is a key difference between literature reviews in qualitative and quantitative research?

A) Quantitative literature reviews are always longer and more detailed
B) Qualitative reviews tend to explore theories, whereas quantitative reviews focus on variables and relationships
C) Qualitative reviews are strictly inductive, while quantitative reviews only follow deductive reasoning
D) There is no difference in how literature reviews are presented

A

Answer: B) Qualitative reviews tend to explore theories, whereas quantitative reviews focus on variables and relationships

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72
Q

How is a mixed methods literature review presented when there is an equal emphasis on both qualitative and quantitative data?

A) It combines both qualitative and quantitative studies, considering the weight and approach of each phase
B) It focuses entirely on qualitative literature
C) It emphasizes quantitative research over qualitative research
D) It eliminates any review of data collection methods

A

Answer: A) It combines both qualitative and quantitative studies, considering the weight and approach of each phase

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73
Q

In a dissertation or thesis, how does the literature review contribute to the development of research questions or hypotheses?

A) It completely defines the research questions and hypotheses
B) It provides a theoretical framework that informs the development of questions or hypotheses
C) It ignores previous studies and introduces new questions
D) It does not influence the development of research questions

A

Answer: B) It provides a theoretical framework that informs the development of questions or hypotheses

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74
Q

What is the typical structure of a literature review in a mixed methods study with a sequential design?

A) A detailed discussion of one phase of the study only
B) A review that is based on the phase of the study being conducted (qualitative or quantitative)
C) A brief summary of previous research with no detailed analysis
D) A review that focuses on literature unrelated to the research question

A

Answer: B) A review that is based on the phase of the study being conducted (qualitative or quantitative)

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75
Q

When comparing findings with the literature in a quantitative study, when should this occur?

A) In the introduction to set the stage for the research
B) At the end of the study to compare results with existing findings
C) During the methods section to define the methodology
D) In the middle of the study to adjust the research design

A

Answer: B) At the end of the study to compare results with existing findings

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76
Q

What is the purpose of a theoretical framework in a quantitative literature review?

A) To justify the choice of data collection methods
B) To explain the expected relationships between variables
C) To summarize the results of a qualitative phase of the study
D) To provide a personal reflection on the research

A

Answer: B) To explain the expected relationships between variables

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77
Q

In a qualitative study, when should the literature review be used sparingly?

A) At the beginning to support a theory
B) At the end to summarize findings
C) At the beginning to maintain an inductive design
D) In the middle to clarify the research problem

A

Answer: C) At the beginning to maintain an inductive design

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78
Q

In a mixed methods study, when is it appropriate to use a quantitative approach for the literature review?

A) When the research is entirely qualitative
B) In the initial phases if the study begins with a quantitative approach
C) Only when comparing findings at the end of the study
D) After completing the qualitative phase

A

Answer: B) In the initial phases if the study begins with a quantitative approach

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79
Q

What should the researcher keep in mind when deciding where to place the literature review in a qualitative study?

A) The placement should align with the purpose of the study and the audience’s expectations
B) It should always appear at the end of the study
C) The literature should be the focus of the research, not data collection
D) The literature review should only appear in the introduction

A

Answer: A) The placement should align with the purpose of the study and the audience’s expectations

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80
Q

Why should researchers consider the audience when structuring the literature review in a mixed methods study?

A) Different audiences may expect different types of literature organization based on the study design
B) The audience should provide feedback on the literature used
C) The audience dictates the methodology of the study
D) There is no need to consider the audience for a literature review

A

Answer: A) Different audiences may expect different types of literature organization based on the study design

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81
Q

How should a researcher approach a literature review if their study focuses on a highly theoretical topic in a qualitative study?

A) Avoid using any literature to maintain objectivity
B) Integrate theoretical concepts early in the review to create an orienting framework
C) Include literature only at the end of the study to avoid bias
D) Use literature exclusively from qualitative studies

A

Answer: B) Integrate theoretical concepts early in the review to create an orienting framework

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82
Q

What is a key feature of a literature review in qualitative research?

A) It must include a detailed statistical analysis
B) It is generally inductive and focuses on exploring the research topic
C) It primarily tests hypotheses from the literature
D) It always includes a comparison of multiple research methods

A

Answer: B) It is generally inductive and focuses on exploring the research topic

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83
Q

What is the purpose of a literature map in the literature review process?

A) To help identify gaps in the literature
B) To organize and visualize the relationships between key concepts and studies
C) To summarize data collection methods
D) To present raw data from studies

A

Answer: B) To organize and visualize the relationships between key concepts and studies

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84
Q

When should the literature review in a qualitative study be used sparingly?

A) When developing the research hypothesis
B) At the beginning of the study to maintain an inductive approach
C) In the middle of the study to refine methods
D) When the research is heavily quantitative in nature

A

Answer: B) At the beginning of the study to maintain an inductive approach

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85
Q

What type of research typically places the literature review in a separate chapter?

A) Grounded theory research
B) Quantitative research
C) Ethnography
D) Case study research

A

Answer: B) Quantitative research

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86
Q

In a quantitative literature review, which of the following is typically emphasized?

A) The exploration of untested hypotheses
B) A theoretical framework that predicts relationships between variables
C) The researcher’s personal reflection on the topic
D) The methodology used by previous researchers

A

Answer: B) A theoretical framework that predicts relationships between variables

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87
Q

What is an essential characteristic of the literature review in a mixed methods study with an equal weight design?

A) The literature is only qualitative or quantitative, never both
B) It blends qualitative and quantitative approaches based on the predominant research phase
C) It avoids using existing literature to focus on original data collection
D) The literature review only appears at the end of the study

A

Answer: B) It blends qualitative and quantitative approaches based on the predominant research phase

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88
Q

Why is it important for a literature review to highlight gaps in existing research?

A) To justify the need for the proposed study and highlight its significance
B) To criticize previous researchers’ findings
C) To avoid having to conduct original research
D) To focus only on well-established findings

A

Answer: A) To justify the need for the proposed study and highlight its significance

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89
Q

In a qualitative study, which type of literature is most likely to be introduced early in the report or proposal?

A) Studies on specific data collection methods
B) Literature relating to the study’s cultural concept or theoretical framework
C) Literature unrelated to the research topic
D) Literature summarizing previous research findings

A

Answer: B) Literature relating to the study’s cultural concept or theoretical framework

90
Q

What is a common feature of a literature review in a quantitative study?

A) It often includes an inductive approach to building theory
B) It compares findings from multiple qualitative studies
C) It is used to introduce a theory and inform the research questions or hypotheses
D) It avoids reference to the researcher’s hypothesis

A

Answer: C) It is used to introduce a theory and inform the research questions or hypotheses

91
Q

What is the first step in conducting a literature review?

A) Search for relevant journal articles
B) Identify key words to search for literature
C) Summarize the literature
D) Draft the final literature review

A

Answer: B) Identify key words to search for literature

92
Q

How should key words be chosen for a literature review?

A) Based on the researcher’s preferences
B) From preliminary readings and the broad topic
C) From previously published reviews only
D) By searching the internet

A

Answer: B) From preliminary readings and the broad topic

93
Q

What is the primary use of key words in the literature review process?

A) To write the final literature review
B) To narrow down the focus of the search and locate relevant literature
C) To format the citations correctly
D) To organize the research methodology

A

Answer: B) To narrow down the focus of the search and locate relevant literature

94
Q

What databases are typically used to locate literature for a review?

A) Social media platforms
B) Google Scholar, ERIC, JSTOR, ProQuest
C) Websites of publishing houses
D) Wikipedia

A

Answer: B) Google Scholar, ERIC, JSTOR, ProQuest

95
Q

How many research reports should a researcher aim to locate in the initial stages of their search?

A) About 10 reports
B) About 100 reports
C) About 50 reports
D) About 25 reports

A

Answer: C) About 50 reports

96
Q

What is the primary goal of skimming the initial group of articles or books in the literature review process?

A) To write detailed summaries of all articles
B) To determine whether the articles or books contribute meaningfully to the research
C) To analyze the methodology used in each study
D) To check for grammar and formatting errors

A

Answer: B) To determine whether the articles or books contribute meaningfully to the research

97
Q

What is a literature map used for in the literature review process?

A) To summarize each article in a table
B) To organize the research findings by date of publication
C) To visually organize how different articles relate to the research topic
D) To compare research methodologies used across studies

A

Answer: C) To visually organize how different articles relate to the research topic

98
Q

What should be done as you begin designing the literature map?

A) Create a list of all the authors mentioned in the literature
B) Draft summaries of the most relevant articles
C) Write the final conclusion of the literature review
D) Collect data for the methods section

A

Answer: B) Draft summaries of the most relevant articles

99
Q

Which style guide is recommended for citing references in a literature review?

A) Chicago Manual of Style
B) American Psychological Association (APA) Publication Manual
C) Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook
D) Harvard Referencing Guide

A

Answer: B) American Psychological Association (APA) Publication Manual

100
Q

After summarizing the literature, how should the review be structured?

A) By the order in which articles were read
B) By the publication date of the articles
C) Thematically or by important concepts
D) By the length of the articles

A

Answer: C) Thematically or by important concepts

101
Q

What should be included at the end of the literature review?

A) A discussion on the research methods used in each article
B) A summary of the major themes and how the study adds to the literature
C) A list of all articles included in the review
D) A detailed critique of the research methods of each article

A

Answer: B) A summary of the major themes and how the study adds to the literature

102
Q

How does the researcher demonstrate how their study adds to the existing literature in the literature review?

A) By critiquing all the articles in detail
B) By pointing out deficiencies in the past literature and addressing a gap
C) By simply listing the research methods used
D) By citing only the most recent articles

A

Answer: B) By pointing out deficiencies in the past literature and addressing a gap

103
Q

What is a potential critique that can be made in the literature review?

A) The conclusions of each article are incorrect
B) The study sample size is too large
C) There are deficiencies or issues with the methods used in past literature
D) The research methods should be identical to the current study

A

Answer: C) There are deficiencies or issues with the methods used in past literature

104
Q

What should the researcher do after summarizing the literature and completing the literature review?

A) Move directly to the data analysis section
B) Begin drafting the introduction for the proposal
C) Ensure the review is organized in a way that informs the methods section
D) Write the conclusion of the study

A

Answer: C) Ensure the review is organized in a way that informs the methods section

105
Q

What is one of the key purposes of conducting a literature review?

A) To collect data for the study
B) To show the researcher’s ability to critique studies
C) To identify gaps in the literature and position the current study within that gap
D) To write the final conclusions of the study

A

Answer: C) To identify gaps in the literature and position the current study within that gap

106
Q

Why is it important to include references using an appropriate style guide?

A) To make the literature review look more professional
B) To meet the formatting requirements of the publisher
C) To ensure accuracy and consistency in citing sources
D) To make the literature review appear longer

A

Answer: C) To ensure accuracy and consistency in citing sources

107
Q

When can a researcher stop searching for literature?

A) Once they have found the first relevant article
B) When they have located enough articles to support their research question
C) When the research study begins
D) When they have 100 articles to summarize

A

Answer: B) When they have located enough articles to support their research question

108
Q

What type of articles should be prioritized when searching for literature?

A) Opinion pieces and editorials
B) Journal articles and books
C) Research studies that are difficult to find
D) Articles that are easy to summarize

A

Answer: B) Journal articles and books

109
Q

What should the researcher do once they have identified the most relevant literature?

A) Write the final draft of the research proposal
B) Start analyzing data immediately
C) Draft summaries of each article and compile them into the literature review
D) Request more articles from the library

A

Answer: C) Draft summaries of each article and compile them into the literature review

110
Q

How should the researcher approach the literature review process?

A) As a one-time task that is completed at the end of the study
B) As an iterative process of searching, evaluating, and summarizing
C) As a way to simply list all articles read
D) As a task to be completed by other researchers

A

Answer: B) As an iterative process of searching, evaluating, and summarizing

111
Q

What is the primary purpose of a literature search?

A) To write the final research paper
B) To collect and evaluate relevant literature for a research topic
C) To conduct original research
D) To summarize personal experiences

A

Answer: B) To collect and evaluate relevant literature for a research topic

112
Q

Where are major academic databases typically found?

A) On social media platforms
B) In personal blogs
C) At academic libraries of major universities
D) On local community websites

A

Answer: C) At academic libraries of major universities

113
Q

Which of the following is a free online database for accessing educational research?

A) ProQuest
B) ERIC
C) Scopus
D) PsycINFO

A

Answer: B) ERIC

114
Q

What is the purpose of ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center)?

A) To provide access to medical research
B) To index articles related to education and related fields
C) To offer peer-reviewed literature in psychology
D) To store scientific journals for physical libraries

A

Answer: B) To index articles related to education and related fields

115
Q

Which of the following databases is known for having a large collection of peer-reviewed articles across many disciplines?

A) ProQuest
B) PubMed
C) Google Scholar
D) EBSCO

A

Answer: C) Google Scholar

116
Q

What is PubMed primarily used for?

A) Accessing articles in social sciences
B) Searching for biomedical articles in health sciences
C) Looking up general academic articles
D) Finding dissertations and theses

A

Answer: B) Searching for biomedical articles in health sciences

117
Q

Which of the following is a paid database that is widely used for comprehensive academic research?

A) Scopus
B) PubMed
C) ERIC
D) Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)

A

Answer: A) Scopus

118
Q

What is the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)?

A) A library database that requires a subscription
B) A free database containing open-access scholarly articles
C) A database focused only on psychology
D) A tool for searching for books and novels

A

Answer: B) A free database containing open-access scholarly articles

119
Q

Which of these is a good strategy when conducting a literature search?

A) Use only one database
B) Use only articles published in the last year
C) Search multiple databases and use available thesauri
D) Only look for articles that confirm your research hypothesis

A

Answer: C) Search multiple databases and use available thesauri

120
Q

What is the role of the “Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors”?

A) To summarize entire articles
B) To provide a list of search terms and descriptors for searching in ERIC
C) To publish full-text articles
D) To guide the writing of abstracts

A

Answer: B) To provide a list of search terms and descriptors for searching in ERIC

121
Q

When reviewing literature, what should be prioritized to save time?

A) Search the most obscure databases
B) Focus first on broad syntheses of literature
C) Review only books and ignore journal articles
D) Avoid reviewing conference papers

A

Answer: B) Focus first on broad syntheses of literature

122
Q

In a literature search, what type of literature is generally reviewed first?

A) Books and monographs
B) Journal articles and research studies
C) Web articles and blog posts
D) Newspapers and magazines

A

Answer: B) Journal articles and research studies

123
Q

What type of literature should be used when researching a topic for the first time?

A) Detailed theoretical papers
B) Broad syntheses such as encyclopedias and summaries of literature
C) Conference papers from major international conferences
D) Only books written in the last year

A

Answer: B) Broad syntheses such as encyclopedias and summaries of literature

124
Q

Which type of publication is considered a high-priority source of information in the literature review process?

A) Personal blogs
B) Peer-reviewed journal articles
C) Social media posts
D) Conference advertisements

A

Answer: B) Peer-reviewed journal articles

125
Q

What is a characteristic of high-quality books to include in a literature review?

A) Published in the last 20 years
B) Published by a well-known and reputable publisher
C) Published on personal websites
D) Published by self-publishing companies

A

Answer: B) Published by a well-known and reputable publisher

126
Q

How can a researcher evaluate the quality of a journal?

A) By the length of the article
B) By whether it is open access
C) By checking if the journal is nationally refereed and has an editorial board
D) By checking the number of articles it publishes per year

A

Answer: C) By checking if the journal is nationally refereed and has an editorial board

127
Q

Why should researchers prioritize journals with a refereed editorial board?

A) They offer free access to articles
B) They ensure that articles have undergone a rigorous review process
C) They provide large print versions of articles
D) They publish articles more quickly

A

Answer: B) They ensure that articles have undergone a rigorous review process

128
Q

What is one of the key tasks when reviewing literature for inclusion in a proposal or study?

A) Write a detailed critique of each article
B) Include only studies that support your own research
C) Evaluate the quality of the literature before including it in your review
D) Limit the number of articles used to under 10

A

Answer: C) Evaluate the quality of the literature before including it in your review

129
Q

What is an abstract in the context of a literature review?

A) A full-length article summarizing the results
B) A brief summary of the major features of an article or book
C) A list of references at the end of a study
D) A critique of the methodologies used in the study

A

Answer: B) A brief summary of the major features of an article or book

130
Q

What is one of the components of an abstract for a research study?

A) The full-text of the article
B) A detailed description of the researcher’s background
C) A mention of the problem being addressed
D) A complete list of citations

A

Answer: C) A mention of the problem being addressed

131
Q

What should researchers include when summarizing the results of a study in an abstract?

A) Detailed data analysis
B) A general statement about the methodology
C) Key results related to the proposed study
D) A list of all references cited in the article

A

Answer: C) Key results related to the proposed study

132
Q

In addition to abstracts, where else in an article can key information for an abstract be found?

A) The discussion section
B) The references section
C) The title page
D) The appendix

A

Answer: A) The discussion section

133
Q

What should a researcher extract from a non-empirical study when writing an abstract?

A) The research question and hypothesis
B) The central theme and major conclusions
C) The complete methodology used
D) The sample population

A

Answer: B) The central theme and major conclusions

134
Q

What is the purpose of a literature map?

A) To summarize the methodology of each article
B) To organize and visually present the literature on a topic
C) To compile a list of authors in the field
D) To write the conclusions of the literature review

A

Answer: B) To organize and visually present the literature on a topic

135
Q

How should a literature map be organized?

A) In a list of dates of publication
B) Hierarchically, as a flowchart, or using intersecting circles
C) In alphabetical order by author name
D) In a linear timeline of events

A

Answer: B) Hierarchically, as a flowchart, or using intersecting circles

136
Q

What does the literature map help a researcher to do?

A) Write the literature review
B) Visualize the relationship between existing research and their proposed study
C) Organize the abstract section
D) Plan data collection methods

A

Answer: B) Visualize the relationship between existing research and their proposed study

137
Q

What is one of the first steps when creating a literature map?

A) Select a specific study to focus on
B) Organize literature by publication year
C) Organize literature by broad topics and subtopics
D) Write the literature review narrative

A

Answer: C) Organize literature by broad topics and subtopics

138
Q

In the literature map example provided, what was placed at the top of the hierarchy?

A) The study’s methodology
B) The proposed study
C) The topic of the review
D) The results of the studies

A

Answer: C) The topic of the review

139
Q

What does a literature map include at the bottom of the diagram?

A) A critique of the studies reviewed
B) A box representing the proposed study
C) A summary of findings
D) A list of references

A

Answer: B) A box representing the proposed study

140
Q

How many studies might be collected for a preliminary literature map?

A) 5 studies
B) 10 studies
C) 25 studies
D) 100 studies

A

Answer: C) 25 studies

141
Q

How should a researcher handle literature that has not been rigorously reviewed for quality?

A) Include it in the review without checking its quality
B) Discard it immediately
C) Evaluate its quality carefully and cautiously before including it
D) Only use it for background information

A

Answer: C) Evaluate its quality carefully and cautiously before including it

142
Q

Which type of literature is most often used for understanding theoretical frameworks or broad syntheses of research?

A) Books and monographs
B) Peer-reviewed journal articles
C) Conference proceedings
D) Government reports

A

Answer: A) Books and monographs

143
Q

What is a common approach when searching for literature that is not readily available in databases like ERIC or PubMed?

A) Skip it and only look for easily accessible resources
B) Contact the author or researcher to request the material
C) Only look for abstracts and avoid full-text articles
D) Conduct searches in unrelated fields

A

Answer: B) Contact the author or researcher to request the material

144
Q

Which of the following is a recommended strategy when dealing with multiple databases for a literature search?

A) Use only one database for simplicity
B) Search multiple databases to ensure comprehensive coverage
C) Search the same database repeatedly to get the most results
D) Focus only on databases that charge fees for access

A

Answer: B) Search multiple databases to ensure comprehensive coverage

145
Q

What should you do if you come across different descriptors for the same concept in different databases?

A) Discard the search results
B) Re-run your search using a variety of search terms
C) Stick to the first term you find and only use it
D) Ignore the discrepancies and proceed with your research

A

Answer: B) Re-run your search using a variety of search terms

146
Q

What is the value of using the “thesaurus” feature available in many databases like ERIC?

A) It allows you to find articles that are not yet published
B) It helps identify a range of appropriate search terms for your topic
C) It replaces the need for reading abstracts
D) It filters out irrelevant articles automatically

A

Answer: B) It helps identify a range of appropriate search terms for your topic

147
Q

What does it mean when a journal is described as “refereed”?

A) It is only available in physical libraries
B) It has undergone a peer-review process by experts in the field
C) It is available for free online
D) It publishes articles without any editorial oversight

A

Answer: B) It has undergone a peer-review process by experts in the field

148
Q

What is one advantage of searching in specialized databases like PsycINFO or Sociological Abstracts?

A) They offer access to unrelated fields of research
B) They focus on a specific academic discipline, providing more targeted results
C) They limit access to only government publications
D) They only include articles written in the last five years

A

Answer: B) They focus on a specific academic discipline, providing more targeted results

149
Q

Why is it important to look for recent studies when conducting a literature review?

A) Older studies are always outdated and irrelevant
B) Recent studies reflect the latest developments, theories, and methodologies
C) Only recent studies contain useful data
D) Recent studies are easier to find and obtain

A

Answer: B) Recent studies reflect the latest developments, theories, and methodologies

150
Q

What is one of the challenges in reviewing conference papers?

A) They are typically not available online
B) They may not undergo as rigorous a peer review as journal articles
C) They are often too long and detailed
D) They lack citations and references

A

Answer: B) They may not undergo as rigorous a peer review as journal articles

151
Q

What is an example of a database that specializes in health and medical sciences?

A) Scopus
B) Google Scholar
C) PubMed
D) ProQuest

A

Answer: C) PubMed

152
Q

When reviewing a literature map, how should the literature be grouped?

A) By the authors’ names
B) By broad themes or subtopics relevant to the research
C) By the date of publication
D) By the format of the publication (books, articles, reports)

A

Answer: B) By broad themes or subtopics relevant to the research

153
Q

What is one of the main components of a literature map?

A) An abstract of each article
B) A visual representation of how existing research fits into your proposed study
C) A timeline of all the studies
D) A list of the journals where studies were published

A

Answer: B) A visual representation of how existing research fits into your proposed study

154
Q

What can you do if your literature map becomes too complex with too many branches?

A) Eliminate all studies that are not directly related to your research
B) Simplify the map by focusing on the most relevant studies and themes
C) Include every study you find, regardless of relevance
D) Create multiple maps for different topics within the same research area

A

Answer: B) Simplify the map by focusing on the most relevant studies and themes

155
Q

What is a key benefit of organizing literature into a map or diagram?

A) It eliminates the need for a written literature review
B) It visually clarifies the relationships between different research findings
C) It provides an easy way to summarize your research
D) It allows you to avoid reading any articles in detail

A

Answer: B) It visually clarifies the relationships between different research findings

156
Q

How should a researcher handle sources that are not freely available through databases or the internet?

A) Ignore them completely
B) Request the full text via interlibrary loan or by contacting the author directly
C) Only look at the abstract and skip the full article
D) Pay for the articles without trying other options

A

Answer: B) Request the full text via interlibrary loan or by contacting the author directly

157
Q

What type of publication would be most useful for understanding the current consensus on a research topic?

A) A new book by a well-known author
B) A peer-reviewed journal article that presents original research findings
C) An encyclopedia article that synthesizes past research
D) A conference paper that has not been peer-reviewed

A

Answer: C) An encyclopedia article that synthesizes past research

158
Q

What is a recommended strategy for reviewing a large number of articles quickly?

A) Only read the conclusions of each article
B) Develop a system of notes or abstracts to summarize key elements
C) Skip abstracts and go directly to the results section
D) Only focus on the theoretical sections

A

Answer: B) Develop a system of notes or abstracts to summarize key elements

159
Q

When might a researcher use a specialized database like Sociological Abstracts?

A) When searching for literature in the field of sociology
B) When looking for educational articles in ERIC
C) When reviewing health-related articles in PubMed
D) When conducting a broad search across all disciplines

A

Answer: A) When searching for literature in the field of sociology

160
Q

What does it mean if a literature map includes multiple levels or branches?

A) The researcher is unsure about the focus of their study
B) The researcher is focusing on a specific subset of research
C) The research topic has been explored in great depth and is divided into subtopics
D) The researcher has included irrelevant studies

A

Answer: C) The research topic has been explored in great depth and is divided into subtopics

161
Q

What is the most important reason for organizing a literature map before writing the review?

A) It saves time by presenting the literature visually
B) It ensures that the review is completely objective and unbiased
C) It guarantees a faster publication process
D) It prevents the researcher from having to read too many papers

A

Answer: A) It saves time by presenting the literature visually

162
Q

Which of the following is a recommended approach for organizing a literature review for a thesis or dissertation?

A) List studies alphabetically
B) Create a literature map to organize key themes and subtopics
C) Summarize all studies in one paragraph without categorization
D) Write the literature review based only on one study

A

Answer: B) Create a literature map to organize key themes and subtopics

163
Q

What is one benefit of using a literature map for a presentation to a graduate committee?

A) It allows the researcher to avoid discussing the literature in detail
B) It provides a visual summary of how the study fits into the existing research
C) It eliminates the need to provide citations
D) It simplifies the presentation to a few key points only

A

Answer: B) It provides a visual summary of how the study fits into the existing research

164
Q

What should be the final step after creating a literature map?

A) Submit the map without further review
B) Revise the map based on feedback from others
C) Ignore feedback and proceed to writing the review
D) Start a new map with a completely different structure

A

Answer: B) Revise the map based on feedback from others

165
Q

What is the advantage of using a software program (e.g., Word or PowerPoint) for creating a literature map?

A) It helps to write the literature review automatically
B) It ensures that the map is visual and easy to modify
C) It eliminates the need for collecting studies
D) It automatically includes references in APA style

A

Answer: B) It ensures that the map is visual and easy to modify

166
Q

When should a researcher conduct a second search after finding a relevant article?
A) After reviewing the article’s abstract and identifying additional descriptors
B) After reading the entire article in full
C) Only after contacting the author of the article
D) Immediately after finishing the first search

A

Answer: A) After reviewing the article’s abstract and identifying additional descriptors

167
Q

What is a good strategy when reviewing journal articles from respected scientific journals?

A) Focus on the journal’s impact factor
B) Read only the introduction and conclusion sections
C) Examine the methodology, results, and discussion sections
D) Skip articles from journals with a low publication rate

A

Answer: C) Examine the methodology, results, and discussion sections

168
Q

Which of the following is a key criterion for evaluating the quality of books included in a literature review?

A) The publisher’s name and reputation
B) The book’s length
C) The book’s price
D) Whether it is available in paperback

A

Answer: A) The publisher’s name and reputation

169
Q

How can a researcher determine if an article has undergone a peer-review process?

A) Check the journal’s editorial board
B) Contact the author directly
C) Look for the publication date
D) Read the article’s conclusion

A

Answer: A) Check the journal’s editorial board

170
Q

What is the purpose of including a “Need to Study” section at the bottom of a literature map?

A) To identify studies that contradict the proposed study
B) To present the current gaps in research that the proposed study will address
C) To list all studies reviewed during the literature search
D) To include methodological flaws in existing studies

A

Answer: B) To present the current gaps in research that the proposed study will address

171
Q

What is the primary purpose of using a style manual in academic writing?
A) To ensure consistency in communication so that readers can focus on ideas rather than formatting
B) To provide detailed instructions on how to write articles
C) To help researchers avoid plagiarism
D) To standardize the use of bias-free language

A

Answer: A) To ensure consistency in communication so that readers can focus on ideas rather than formatting

172
Q

Which of the following is a commonly used style manual in the social sciences?
A) The MLA Handbook
B) The Chicago Manual of Style
C) The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA)
D) The Oxford English Dictionary

A

Answer: C) The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA)

173
Q

When citing works with three or more authors in APA format, how should the citation appear?

A) List all authors’ names
B) Use only the first author’s name, followed by “et al.”
C) Use the full names of all authors
D) Use “Anonymous” for all authors

A

Answer: B) Use only the first author’s name, followed by “et al.”

174
Q

Which of the following is the correct approach for citing journal articles in the APA style?

A) Provide the publisher’s location and name
B) Include the article title in italics
C) Provide the DOI or URL if available
D) Cite only the year of publication

A

Answer: C) Provide the DOI or URL if available

175
Q

What is one major change in the 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual regarding references?

A) The publisher’s location is no longer needed in references
B) The use of italics is eliminated from titles of tables and figures
C) Multiple authors are now cited for works with three or more authors
D) Footnotes are no longer allowed in academic writing

A

Answer: A) The publisher’s location is no longer needed in references

176
Q

What does APA recommend regarding the use of headings in scholarly papers?

A) Only one heading level should be used
B) Five levels of headings should be used in order of importance
C) Headings should be capitalized fully
D) The title of the paper should be at the bottom of the document

A

Answer: B) Five levels of headings should be used in order of importance

177
Q

What is a key characteristic of the fifth edition of the APA Manual in terms of formatting headings?
A) Headings are numbered
B) Level 3 to 5 headings are now bold and indented
C) Headings should be in lowercase letters only
D) All headings must be centered

A

Answer: B) Level 3 to 5 headings are now bold and indented

178
Q

What is one of the main guidelines emphasized in the new edition of the APA Publication Manual?
A) The importance of using inclusive and bias-free language
B) The elimination of in-text citations
C) The requirement of using footnotes for all definitions
D) The use of colored charts and graphs

A

Answer: A) The importance of using inclusive and bias-free language

179
Q

How does APA recommend handling bias-free language in research?
A) Use “him” and “her” to avoid confusion
B) Always refer to individuals by their titles or professions
C) Use “they” as a singular pronoun and avoid gendered terms
D) Avoid using any pronouns

A

Answer: C) Use “they” as a singular pronoun and avoid gendered terms

180
Q

When is it appropriate to use footnotes in academic writing, according to the APA Manual?
A) They should be used frequently in research papers
B) They are used to provide additional content or attribution, but only if they strengthen the text
C) They are required in every paragraph
D) Footnotes are only used in social media publications

A

Answer: B) They are used to provide additional content or attribution, but only if they strengthen the text

181
Q

How should the title of tables and figures be formatted according to the APA 7th edition?
A) In bold
B) In italics
C) In underlined text
D) In uppercase letters only

A

Answer: B) In italics

182
Q

In what section of a research proposal or thesis should terms that may not be widely understood be defined?
A) Abstract
B) Definition of Terms section
C) Conclusion
D) Introduction

A

Answer: B) Definition of Terms section

183
Q

When should terms be defined in a research proposal according to APA guidelines?
A) Only in the conclusion section
B) When they first appear in the proposal
C) At the end of the proposal
D) After the literature review

A

Answer: B) When they first appear in the proposal

184
Q

What type of definition is preferred in scientific writing, according to Locke et al. (2014)?
A) Conceptual definitions
B) Operational definitions
C) Personal definitions
D) Dictionary definitions

A

Answer: B) Operational definitions

185
Q

Which type of language should researchers avoid when defining terms in a scientific study?
A) Accepted language available in the research literature
B) Everyday language
C) Technical language used in other scientific studies
D) Concise language

A

Answer: B) Everyday language

186
Q

In which type of research studies is it most common to define terms early and in detail?
A) Qualitative studies
B) Quantitative studies
C) Mixed methods studies
D) Theoretical studies

A

Answer: B) Quantitative studies

187
Q

How are terms typically defined in qualitative research proposals?
A) In a separate section before the literature review
B) In the introduction section only
C) Through tentative definitions as themes emerge during the study
D) Using common definitions from everyday language

A

Answer: C) Through tentative definitions as themes emerge during the study

188
Q

Which type of research study might include a separate section for defining key terms used in the research design?
A) Mixed methods studies
B) Qualitative studies
C) Quantitative studies
D) Meta-analyses

A

Answer: A) Mixed methods studies

189
Q

How should researchers approach defining a term that does not have an established definition in the literature?
A) Use a definition based on personal experience
B) Define the term using everyday language
C) Provide a definition and use it consistently throughout the study
D) Skip defining the term altogether

A

Answer: C) Provide a definition and use it consistently throughout the study

190
Q

How does the APA Manual suggest handling special terms in mixed methods research?
A) Define them in the final report only
B) Use everyday language for all terms
C) Define key terms in a separate section or as they emerge in the study
D) Avoid defining special terms altogether

A

Answer: C) Define key terms in a separate section or as they emerge in the study

191
Q

Which of the following is the correct way to format references for journal articles in the APA 7th edition?
A) Include the publisher’s name after the article title
B) Abbreviate the title of the journal article
C) Include the DOI or a URL if available
D) Omit the page numbers

A

Answer: C) Include the DOI or a URL if available

192
Q

What is the recommended number of heading levels in a scholarly paper according to the APA 7th edition?
A) Two levels
B) Three levels
C) Four levels
D) Five levels

A

Answer: D) Five levels

193
Q

How does APA recommend writing in-text citations for works with more than three authors?
A) List all authors each time you cite
B) Use the first author’s name followed by “et al.”
C) Only cite the last author’s name
D) Use “Anonymous” in place of authors’ names

A

Answer: B) Use the first author’s name followed by “et al.”

194
Q

What is one of the goals of using a consistent style manual in academic writing?
A) To make writing longer and more complex
B) To ensure clarity and uniformity in presenting research
C) To avoid using any technical terminology
D) To create a more casual tone in writing

A

Answer: B) To ensure clarity and uniformity in presenting research

195
Q

Which of the following elements does the APA style guide help researchers with?
A) Writing grant proposals only
B) Formatting papers, citing references, and using consistent language
C) Avoiding the use of tables and figures
D) Writing for a general audience rather than academic readers

A

Answer: B) Formatting papers, citing references, and using consistent language

196
Q

How does APA recommend handling plural nouns in bias-free language?
A) Always use singular nouns
B) Use plural nouns whenever referring to groups of people
C) Avoid using plural nouns and focus on individuals only
D) Use plural nouns to avoid gendered language

A

Answer: B) Use plural nouns whenever referring to groups of people

197
Q

What is the APA guideline for citing social media posts?
A) Cite them like books
B) Cite them in the same way as journal articles
C) Provide the exact URL and the date of the post
D) Do not cite social media posts

A

Answer: C) Provide the exact URL and the date of the post

198
Q

What is one of the main differences between qualitative and quantitative research in terms of defining terms?
A) Qualitative research defines terms in an abstract, conceptual manner
B) Quantitative research uses operational definitions early in the study
C) Qualitative research uses many operational definitions
D) Quantitative research rarely defines terms

A

Answer: B) Quantitative research uses operational definitions early in the study

199
Q

In which section of a research proposal are terms typically defined in quantitative research studies?
A) Conclusion
B) Literature review
C) Methodology
D) Definition of terms section

A

Answer: D) Definition of terms section

200
Q

When defining terms in academic writing, what is the recommended approach according to the APA 7th edition?
A) Use invented definitions for clarity
B) Use definitions from common language
C) Use precise definitions from accepted literature
D) Avoid using any definitions

A

Answer: C) Use precise definitions from accepted literature

201
Q

What is the purpose of using operational definitions in research?
A) To keep definitions vague and open to interpretation
B) To provide clear, precise meanings that help in measurement and understanding
C) To confuse the reader with multiple meanings
D) To avoid providing any definitions at all

A

Answer: B) To provide clear, precise meanings that help in measurement and understanding

202
Q

What is the key feature of APA’s 7th edition recommendations for references?
A) The publisher’s location must always be included
B) References should use full names for authors
C) The location of the publisher is no longer required
D) Journal articles should not be cited

A

Answer: C) The location of the publisher is no longer required

203
Q

What is one reason why researchers need to define terms in their proposals?
A) To ensure that all readers have the same understanding of key concepts
B) To increase the length of the proposal
C) To confuse the reader and prevent misinterpretation
D) To make the proposal appear more complex

A

Answer: A) To ensure that all readers have the same understanding of key concepts

204
Q

When defining terms in a research proposal, what language should be used?
A) Everyday language
B) Colloquial language
C) Technical language from the literature
D) Inconsistent language

A

Answer: C) Technical language from the literature

205
Q

What is the primary goal of writing definitions for key terms in research?
A) To create ambiguity in the research
B) To ensure that all terms are understood uniformly by readers
C) To avoid technical terminology
D) To make the paper longer

A

Answer: B) To ensure that all terms are understood uniformly by readers

206
Q

What type of research commonly defines terms as themes emerge during the study?
A) Quantitative research
B) Qualitative research
C) Experimental research
D) Historical research

A

Answer: B) Qualitative research

207
Q

What is an example of a special term that might need to be defined in mixed methods research?
A) Qualitative inquiry
B) Convergent design
C) Participant selection
D) Quantitative analysis

A

Answer: B) Convergent design

208
Q

When defining terms in a mixed methods study, when are the terms typically defined?
A) Only after the results are collected
B) Early in the study, similar to quantitative research
C) At the end of the study
D) Terms are not defined in mixed methods research

A

Answer: B) Early in the study, similar to quantitative research

209
Q

What is a key element of using a style manual consistently in research writing?
A) To make writing more personal
B) To ensure uniform formatting and clarity
C) To eliminate the need for citations
D) To create confusion among readers

A

Answer: B) To ensure uniform formatting and clarity

210
Q

What should researchers do if they encounter a term that is not clearly defined in the literature?
A) Skip defining the term
B) Provide a definition and use it consistently
C) Use a dictionary definition
D) Ignore the term altogether

A

Answer: B) Provide a definition and use it consistently

211
Q

What is one of the main functions of a definition of terms section in a research proposal?
A) To provide a space for irrelevant content
B) To clarify the meaning of key terms for readers
C) To summarize the literature review
D) To lengthen the proposal unnecessarily

A

Answer: B) To clarify the meaning of key terms for readers

212
Q

When should researchers define terms in qualitative research proposals?
A) At the beginning of the study, prior to any data collection
B) Only at the end of the study when results are presented
C) As the terms emerge throughout the research process
D) Qualitative studies do not require term definitions

A

Answer: C) As the terms emerge throughout the research process

213
Q

What is the recommended approach for defining terms in quantitative research studies?
A) Use everyday language for clarity
B) Avoid defining terms to keep the study flexible
C) Define terms operationally early in the study
D) Use personal interpretations of terms

A

Answer: C) Define terms operationally early in the study

214
Q

What is a key feature of the APA Manual’s guidance on footnotes?
A) Footnotes must be used in every research paper
B) Footnotes should provide additional information or attribution but only if they strengthen the text
C) Footnotes should replace in-text citations
D) Footnotes should be eliminated entirely

A

Answer: B) Footnotes should provide additional information or attribution but only if they strengthen the text

215
Q

What should be the format for a table or figure title in APA style?
A) Bold
B) Underlined
C) Italicized
D) In all uppercase letters

A

Answer: C) Italicized

216
Q

What is the recommended strategy for defining terms in mixed methods research?
A) Define all terms early in the study
B) Define terms as they emerge in each phase of the research
C) Do not define terms
D) Only define terms in the final report

A

Answer: B) Define terms as they emerge in each phase of the research

217
Q

Which of the following is true about using “et al.” in APA citations?
A) It is used only for works with one author
B) It is used for works with three or more authors
C) It is used only for works with two authors
D) It is never used in APA citations

A

Answer: B) It is used for works with three or more authors

218
Q

How does the APA Publication Manual assist researchers in publishing their work?
A) It provides guidelines on formatting, ethics, and writing styles for publication
B) It only offers advice on citation methods
C) It provides detailed instructions for personal publishing
D) It outlines procedures for contacting publishers

A

Answer: A) It provides guidelines on formatting, ethics, and writing styles for publication

219
Q

What should a researcher do if a definition of a term is not available in the research literature?
A) Use a definition from common language
B) Skip the definition entirely
C) Provide a definition and use it consistently
D) Use a general definition from a different field

A

Answer: C) Provide a definition and use it consistently

220
Q

According to the APA, why is it important to define terms early in a research proposal?
A) To increase the complexity of the study
B) To ensure precision and consistency in communication
C) To make the proposal more abstract
D) To avoid using technical language

A

Answer: B) To ensure precision and consistency in communication

Field Methods (3 decks)

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