Chapter 2: Renaissance Flashcards
What was the Renaissance?
Period of rebirth/reform in European culture, philosophy, art, politics, and religion
What centuries did the Renaissance last?
14th to 17th centuries (1375 to early 1600’s)
What is Humanism?
Belief system: emphasizing the importance of humans and their potential value and good
What were some key factors in the revival of monarchy during the Renaissance?
- People and towns allied with the kings
- The weakening of the church following
- The fall of feudalism
- Taxes, armies, and domain being increased/created
What was the printing press and why was it significant?
The printing press was the first way to mechanically get ink onto a paper which astronomically influenced the Renaissance, and the overall spread of information.
Who was Niccolo Machiavelli?
Niccolo Machiavelli was a Philosopher, Politician, and Author as well
Francesco Petrarch
“Father of Humanism”
What were some beliefs of Platonism?
Abstract objects exist
High moral values
What did Lorenzo Valla do?
He found the Donation to be fraudulent and forged and that it was more recent than thought before
Civic Humanism
A form of humanism that believed that humans should have virtue and do self-sacrificing public service
What were the two sides of humanism?
Practical Tranparent Politics and Deep Hsitorical Scholarship (which were used differently for certain people)
Artists of the time
Leonardo da Vinci
Raphael
Michaelangelo
Excessive “need” for slaves caused by what?
The Black Death (bubonic plague) killed an estimated 1/3 of the worlds population fueling a demand for more slaves
Why did Charles VIII of France invade Italy the first time and where?
He invaded Naples because the duke of Milan was fighting with Naples at the time so the duke of Milan asked France for help but then Charles VIII was able to conquer the area for a while
How was Charles VIII driven out of Italy the first time?
The city-states of Italy banded back together and drove him out
What did Savonarola do?
He stated that Charles VIII march through Italy was justified. After Charles was driven out Savonarola was executed for these claims
What was the League of Venice?
The league of Venice was formed by Ferdinand of Aragon. After seeing how easily the French invaded Italy, Ferdinand created the alliance with himself (aragon, Spain), Venice, the papal states, and emperor Maximilian I. Milan later joined and they all kicked Charles VIII out of Italy
Why was Alexander on good terms with France?
He left the league of Venice and helped Louis XII of France to marry Charles VIII’s widow
Who took over the land of Naples and divided it among themselves?
Pope Alexander VI and Louis XII of France
Who invaded Milan?
Louis XII of France
Who was Pope Julius II?
He was the successor to Pope Alexander VI
Why did Pope Julius form the Holy League and who was in it?
Pope Julius II created the Holy League with Ferdinand of Aragon and Venice to drive out the French invaders
What did Niccolo Machiavelli practically dream of?
He sought for an Italian despotic ruler who would unite Italy and bring order but he constantly romanticized things
What was the Golden Bull
The Golden Bull was an agreement between the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV and the major German territorial rulers that established a 7 person electoral college
What was the imperial diet (Reichstag) in The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
The diet consisted of the electoral college established in the Golden Bull, princes, and representatives of free cities in the Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Why was the church unable to limit the power of the Monarchs at the time? In other words, why weren’t they able to stop the revival of monarchy?
The church’s power and authority had grown very weak following the One Hundred Years’ War and the Great Schism (division of two types of christianity) so they were lost a lot of their influence in politics
What were the implications of the Revival of Monarchy? What helped it flourish?
Taxation was a major aspect in the revival of monarchy because the monarch began to have the power of changing the rules such as taxing people and creating armies rather than these things being controlled by other vassals
Who was Desiderius Erasmus and what did he do?
Erasmus was a Dutch philosopher, theologian, teacher, and humanist and studied the past as well. He created translations of religious texts for people to have the ability to educate themselves
What was the Ciompi Revolt?
The Ciompi Revolt lasted from 1378 to 1382 and was when the lower classes of society in Florence such as the artisans and merchants revolted against the higher-up classes due to unbearable living conditions
