Chapter 2: Radiation Concepts Flashcards
What type of science is physical science?
nonliving matter
What is an example of physical science?
physics
What is an example of biological science?
living matter
What is an example of biological science?
anatomy and physiology
What has mass and occupies space?
Matter
What is considered the ability to do work?
Energy
is emitted energy that is transmitted through matter
radiation
Energy is measured in what?
joule (J)
injection of an electron
ionization
What type of energy is energy in motion?
kinetic energy
What type of energy is the energy that is stored in an object due to its seitary object?
potential energy
What does the Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy state?
matter and energy can’t be created nor destroy but it can be transferred
gravitational force of how much something weighs
- grams or kilograms
weight
smallest particle of an element
atom
smallest part of a compound
molecule
combining two different things or more
compound
can’t be broken down any more.
- small as it can go
simple substance
combining different things into each other
mixture
smartest muscle
rectal muscle sphincter
smallest particle of a compound possessing characteristics of the compound
- consists of two or more atoms that are chemically united
- held together by chemical bonds
molecules
body is made of how much percent of water
80% of water
matter can be
a solid, liquid, and a gas
dependent upon varying degrees of molecular attraction
- largely due to temperature
matter
What is the Bohr model like
- miniature solar system
nucleus in the center and electrons orbiting around
voltage = current x ressistance
ohm’s law
What is the atomic number for lead (Pb)?
82
What is the atomic number for aluminum (Al)?
13
What is the atomic number for Barium (Ba)?
56
What is the atomic number for iodide (I)
53
What is the atomic number for Tungsten (W)?
74
what both have a mass of 1
proton and neutron
what has a very small mass of almost zero
electrons
maintained through equal number of protons and electrons
electrical stability
distinguishes elements by number of protons contained in nucleus
atomic number
when changing atomic number what else do you change
you are changing the element
What charge is proton?
positive charge
mass number of 1
What charge is electron?
negative charge
mass of zero
What charge is neutron?
neutral charge
mass number of 1
what can’t be divided
electrons
protons and neutrons are made up of what
quarks
links quantum physics and relativity
- currently five spring theories
M theory ( string theory)
changing the number of neutrons or electrons does not change what
does not change the element
changing the number of neutrons changes what
changes atomic mass only
only when you change the proton it changes what
changes the element
change in electron number does not change the element
as number of protons remains unaffected
adding or removal of electron from atom
- changes charges between atoms
ionization
what are short term effect of ionization?
radiation treatment, redness, hair loss for couple days
what are long term effect of ionization?
still monitoring, 10 + years later
ionization of atoms causes disruptions to what
in body’s metabolic relationships
exposing patient to ionization requires what
requires order from a licensed practitioner
what is the atomic mass
mass of proton and neutron more than electrons
consist of total protons and neutrons
- neglects mass of atom’s electrons
atomic mass number
defines location where electrons might be at any given time in atom
orbital
What is the order for orbital shells
K, L, M, N, O, P, Q
is considered the highest binding energy shell
K-shell
what is the formula for electron capacity
2n to the second power 2n ^2
what does the n of 2n^2 indicate
n indicates the orbit shell #
individual energy of a single photon
Kev
the whole energy of a photon
range 0 to 80
KVP
chemical behavior determined by valence band
outermost shell
when an atom gives up an electron what happens to it charge
it has a positive charge
when an atom gains an electron what happens to its charge
it has a negative charge
atom never has more than eight electrons in outer shell
octet rule
atoms with eight electrons in outer shell are considered what
chemically stable
known as noble gases
helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and radon (Rn)
ability to do work
energy
equation for work
work= force x distance
force acting up on object over distance expends energy and is considered work
energy
action of physical movement
mechanical energy
energy of motion
kinetic energy
also known as thermal energy
- results from movement of molecules
- temperature measures thermal energy
heat energy
energy released from chemical reaction
chemical energy
x-rays are how much percent of heat and x-rays?
99 % of heat and 1% of x-rays
results from movement of electrons in conductor
electrical energy
obtained by breaking bonds between particles (nucleons) within nucleus
nuclear energy
increase wavelength
decrease frequency
combination of electric and magnetic fields traveling through space
electromagnetic energy
cyles per second or how many are happening with a certain time period
frequency (V)
considered angstrom
wavelength
formula for velocity
velocity= frequency x wavelength
high frequency
high energy EM radiation
photon energy and frequency are
directly related
who discovered x-rays?
Wilhelm Conrad RontgenWhat
year id
first x-ray was
Rontgen wife’s hand
What year did Rontgen receive the first Nobel prize winner for physics
1901
x-ray beam is considered what
polyenergetic or heterogeneous
What are some x-ray properties?
- travel in straight lines
- travel at speed of light
- can ionize matter
- cause fluorescence in certain crystals
- cannot be focused by lens
- produce secondary and scatter radiation
