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Biology 1 > Chapter 2 Questions > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the atomic number of an atom that has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons?

A

6

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2
Q

Fluorine’s atomic number is 9 and its atomic mass is 19. How many neutrons does fluorine have?

A

10

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3
Q

An uncharged atom of boron has an atomic number of 5 and an atomic mass of 11. How many protons does boron have?

A

5

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4
Q

Atoms with the same number of protons but with different electrical charges _____.

A

are different ions

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5
Q

In salt, what is the nature of the bond between sodium and chlorine?

A

ionic

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6
Q

An ionic bond involves _____.

A

an attraction between ions of opposite charge

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7
Q

Compared to covalent bonds, ionic bonds …

A

rely much less on electron-sharing.

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8
Q

What name is given to the bond between water molecules?

A

hydrogen

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9
Q

Each water molecule is joined to _____ other water molecules by ____ bonds.

A

four … hydrogen

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10
Q

The unequal sharing of electrons within a water molecule makes the water molecule _____.

A

polar

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11
Q

The tendency of an atom to pull electrons toward itself is referred to as its _____.

A

electronegativity

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12
Q

Water readily sticks to many other substances, a property called ______.

A

adhesion

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13
Q

Water striders are common insects that can skip across the surface of ponds and streams. This lifestyle is enabled by water’s _____.

A

cohesion and resulting surface tension

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14
Q

Which best describes how charges are distributed on a water molecule?

A

The oxygen end is negative relative to the end with the two hydrogen atoms.

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15
Q

Relative to other substances, water tends to resist changes in temperature. Why?

A

Water is highly cohesive. Its molecules tend to resist increases in their motion. When water is heated, some of the energy is used to disturb the hydrogen bonds between neighboring molecules.

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16
Q

Water is sometimes called the “universal solvent.” Is that accurate?

A

For the most part. Water readily dissolves most substances, but not hydrophobic ones.

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17
Q

The water molecule has a bent shape because …

A

oxygen has two unbonded pairs of valence electrons.

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18
Q

In a neutral solution the concentration of _____.

A

hydrogen ions is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions

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19
Q

Which four elements are the primary components of important biological molecules, such as proteins, fats, and carbohydrates?

A

nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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20
Q

Positron-emission tomography (PET) is a technique that doctors may use to _____.

A

determine hot spots of metabolic activity

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21
Q

The mass number of an atom is 15, and its atomic number is 7. The atom probably has…

A

8 neutrons in the nucleus.

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22
Q

Two atoms always represent the same element if they have …

A

the same number of protons.

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23
Q

An atom has 6 electrons, 6 protons, and 6 neutrons. You can tell that this atom belongs to the element _____ because _____________________.

A

C; it has 6 protons.

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24
Q

An atom has 8 protons, 8 neutrons, and 8 electrons. Another isotope of the same element might have …

A

10 neutrons.

25
Q

An atom and an ion of the same element differ in the number of _____.

A

electrons

26
Q

A phrase that applies to covalent bonding and not other kinds of bonds is …

A

electron-sharing.

27
Q

Polar attractions are …

A

Forces between atoms with partial charges.
Weaker than covalent bonds.
Important because they are numerous.

28
Q

Hydrogen bonds …

A

can form between H and N.

29
Q

A(n) _____ refers to two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.

A

molecule

30
Q

The innermost electron shell of an atom can hold up to _____ electrons.

A

2

31
Q

What determines the types of chemical reactions that an atom participates in?

A

the number of electrons in the outermost electron shell

32
Q

In hydrochloric acid (HCl), chlorine has greater electronegativity than hydrogen. Therefore, _____.

A

the H side of an HCl molecule would have a slight positive charge

33
Q

Dissolving is best described as …

A

a mingling of molecules and/or ions.

34
Q

Water is a source of ______________ for chemical reactions in cells.

A

hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms

35
Q

Water has surface tension because …

A

hydrogen bonds between surface water molecules resist being stretched.

36
Q

When hot, many mammals sweat to control their body temperature. Evaporation plays an important role, but the direct effect is due to _____.

A

the absorption of heat by the breaking of hydrogen bonds

37
Q

The hydrogen bonds in liquid water are less stable than in ice. Why?

A

There is less movement of molecules in colder conditions

38
Q

A compound is an acid if it …

A

donates H+ to water.

39
Q

Your tank of swamp fish needs a pH of 5, and the pH is 7 at present. What should you do to the H+ concentration?

A

Raise it to 100 times its present value.

40
Q

Your tank of swamp fish needs a pH of 5, and the pH is 7 at present. What should you do to the H+ concentration?

A

Raise it to 100 times its present value.

41
Q

Your tank of alkali fish needs a pH of 8, and the pH is 6 at present. What should you do to the H+ concentration?

A

Reduce it to 1/100 of its present value.

42
Q

How does the way a buffer stabilizes pH during addition of acid differ from the way the same buffer stabilizes pH during addition of base?

A

It’s the same reaction running backward or forward.

43
Q

Compounds that release OH- are bases because ..

A

OH- combines with H+ and removes it from solution

44
Q

he pH of human blood is maintained at around pH 7.4. Why does a buffer system need to be present in blood to protect against changes in pH due to increases in acids?

A

The metabolic processes of the body produce more acids than bases.

45
Q

To understand biology, we need to understand chemistry. Why?

A

Chemicals are fundamental to the structure and function of all living things.

46
Q

As of 2010, there are 118 known elements. Of those, how many are believed to be essential to human biology?

A

about 25

47
Q

The most abundant compound on Earth is _____.

A

water

48
Q

A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical procedures is known as a(n) _____.

A

atom

49
Q

Acid precipitation typically forms as water combines with _____ in the atmosphere, before falling as rain or snow.

A

sulfur and nitrogen oxides

50
Q

A typical soda contains sugar, flavorings, coloring agents, and carbon dioxide that have been dissolved in water. Soda is therefore _____.

A

an aqueous solution

51
Q

When water freezes, ice floats. Why?

A

In ice, the water molecules are farther apart than in liquid water.

52
Q

What property of water makes it move upward from the roots of plants?

A

cohesion

53
Q

Ionic bonds form when _____.

A

one atom transfers an electron to another atom

54
Q

A pH of 6 is how many times more acidic than a pH of 9?

A

1,000

55
Q

An acid is _____.

A

a compound that donates hydrogen ions to a solution

56
Q

Grapefruit juice is approximately pH 3, and tomato juice is approximately pH 4. A glass of grapefruit juice contains _____ H+ as a glass of tomato juice.

A

ten times as much

57
Q

Because the molecules of water are farther apart in ice than in liquid water, _____.

A

ice floats

58
Q

The tendency of water molecules to stick together allows insects to walk on water. This is called _____.

A

cohesiveness

Biology 1 (5 decks)

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