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A-Level History - The American Dream > chapter 2- quest for civil rights 1945-65 > Flashcards

chapter 2- quest for civil rights 1945-65 Flashcards

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1
Q

in1946 what did Truman criticise

A

southern law enforcement officials who failed to protect black service men and estalsiehd a committee of liberals to investigate the increasing violence even though adivisors warned this a political suicide

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2
Q

what did the committee established by Truman call for
to secure these rights

A

antilynching legislation
abolition of poll tax
voting rights laws
end discrimination in employment, interstate travel and armed forces

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3
Q

de jure segreagtion

A

in law in the south

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4
Q

de facto segregation

A

not in law segregation in north and west

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5
Q

in 1947 and 8 what did Truman ask congress for

A

civil rights legislation to implement reccomendations of to secure these right

first goal secure fully essential human rights of all our citizens

cited declaration of indeoendce all men are equal

equality was important for americas Cold War image

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6
Q

couldn’t get them to pass civil rights but what did Truman do in 1948

A

used executive powers to try and end discrimination in armed forces and garuntee fair employment in the federal bureaucracy

army resisted until pressure of Cold War spread up the desegregation

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7
Q

what did Truman do for employment in 1948

A

rejected his request to continue FEPC however established the Fair employment board which aimed to ensure equal treatment for people from minority ethnic groups in federal hiring

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8
Q

what was established in 1951

A

Comittee on Government contract compliance (CGCC)

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9
Q

what did CGCC try to do

A

deprive discrimantory companies of federal contracts

couldn’t only recommend but not enforce but advertised presidential commitment to economic equality

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10
Q

who did truman adminstarion support

A

NAACP litigation that accumulated after the brown ruling 1954 against segregated schools

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11
Q

wha were some of the protests during WW2

A

local branches organised protests against segregated lunch counters (Topeka,Kansas) an movie theatres (Council Bluffs, Iowa)

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12
Q

what did the New Orleans lousisiana branch do in the 1940-50s

A

boycotted stores that refused to allow black women try on clothes on the same term as white women

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13
Q

what caused the Sweatt Vs Painter trail of 1950

A

the university of Texas law school denied Sweatt admission based on the colour of his skin

there was another African law school however it wasn’t up to the same standard

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14
Q

what progress was made due to Sweatt Vs Painter

A

the state of Texas had to prove that they made a substantial effort to create equal opportunities for both races

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15
Q

what were the limitations of Sweatt vs Painter

A

tried to argue that there was a black law school available in the state of Texas however it wasn’t at the same standard

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16
Q

what was the Brown vs board of education case 1954

A

the NAACP bundled together cases against desegrqagarion of schools that had previously been dismissed and took them all to court togeyherb

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17
Q

what progress was made due to brown vs board of education

A

Judge earl warren felt it was unequal and wanted desegregation of schools\

said that diversity in the class rooms was good

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18
Q

limitations of Brown vs board of edu

A

didnt give a time frame for this desperation which was vague and allowed states to take as long as they wanted

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19
Q

what caused the montegomery bus boycott 1956

A

rosa parks was ordered to gibe up her seat to a white man on the bus

she refused and was arrested

she was a trained activist and secretary of the Montgomery branch in NAACP

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20
Q

what was created a day after rosa parks arrest

A

Montegomery improvement association led by MLK

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21
Q

what did MIA do

A

publicised arrest and boycotts handed out leaflets and held meetings

organised other transport for people in they couldn’t walk

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22
Q

when did bus boycott start

A

day of trial
dec 5 1955

75% bus users were black and 90% of them stayed away from buses

it lasted 380 days

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23
Q

what were MLK s rules during the protest

A

to keep it peaceful and kept media informed of everything

garnered a lot of media attention

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24
Q

shows determination in Montgomery bus boycott

A

taxi druvers were penalised for taking fares

MLK and NAACP E.D Nixons houses were bombed

continued even after king was imprisoned

some lost their jobs and carried on

25
Q

when was bus segregation ruled unconstitutional

A

13 Nov 1956 and on the 21 dec over a year after the bus boycott starte, black people began to ride the buses again

26
Q

what was Little Rock like

A

had a racist governor Orval Faubus but there were some intergrated schools

bused were desecrated there in 1956

27
Q

what happened in Little Rock

A

in 1957 9 black children were selected to anted the previously all white central high school

28
Q

what happened to elizebteh eckford when she tried to return home

A

had to walk through a screaming mob trying to get back to her bus stop shouting to Lynch her

photos of incident shocked the world d

250 reporters and photographers there

29
Q

what happened on 4 sept the first day of school

A

Fabaus sent state national guard to stop the children going in ‘for their safety’

8 students got the message as they went to school by car

Elizabeth Eckford didnt get the message, she was turned away at the school by the national guard

30
Q

what were some negative impacts of the success of the Bus boycott

A

hardened racial divide

white candied who favoured segregation were next voted in at local elections

3 days after desegregation kings home was firebombed

snipers shot at black massagers sat in white seats on the bus

31
Q

what did king say to eisen hower at their meeting together

A

this was damaging Eisenhowers political image and urged federal intervention

32
Q

what did Eisenhower do in response to Little Rock

A

reluctantly sent in federal troops to guard the children to and from school and in school corridors

33
Q

negative impacts of Little Rock

A

children wee subject to years of taunts and violence

homes of local NAACP leaders were firebombed multiple times

Faubus closed the central school for a year to “let things cool off’

34
Q

what happened at the Greensborough sit in

A

1st feb 1960 4 black students went to department school for supply and then to the segregated lunch counter and waited to be served

kept waiting until the store shut

next day 30 students joined them day after nearly all the seats were taken up by black student

media took photos of black well dressed boys waiting patiently whilst white boys yelled I there faces blew smoke at them and poured food on them

35
Q

strengths of the greensborogh sitin

A

media
carried on till stores shut
peaceful way of restating

36
Q

what were the freedom rides 1961

A

CORE and SNCC members carried out rides in the south
organised by James farmer

to test wether bus restrooms facilities had been segrgetad like they should after 1961 Supreme Court ruling

would cause violence the deeper they went south and felt this was the only way to get government to enforce legislation

buses wee attacked Alabama bus fired bombed and chased by around 50 cars

freedom riders were iprisoned in birimigham and beaten up in Montgomery

3 killed

37
Q

strengths of the freedom rides 1961

A

people kept on riding

lost of media covrag e

only way to make gov enforce anything

38
Q

weakness of the freedom rides

A

first 2 buses were attacked and people were beaten up

cars chased people and people were impriusoned

39
Q

what happened in Birmingham 1963

A

king and SCLC led a push to desegregate the whole town

new it would prove violence but knew from core and SNCC that it would work

posters and leaflets were made with specific reference tp the American dream

one tactic was to get arrested and fill the jails and by the end of the moth they were full

children were trained in protest tactics

high pressure fire hoses and dogs were used by the police

shocking pictures were spread worldwide and ashamed JFK

this was JFKS reason for pressing for a civil rights legislation

40
Q

strengths of Birmingham 1963

A

it made people admit that race was the biggest problem in America

America was a national disgrace

41
Q

what was the march on Washington 1963

A

it was the largest demonstration in America history 200,000 people

organised by A.Phillips Randolph

had artists such a Bob Dylan play

42
Q

strengths of the march on Washington

A

MLK created a huge profile - I have a dream speech

civil rights act was signed 1 year later

43
Q

weaknesses of the march on Washington

A

still issues continued outside of legislative success

tension for black militant groups who felt they hadn’t been addressed during the event.

44
Q

what was the 1960 civil rights act

A

crime to obstruct federal orders(deseg of schools) by threat or force and authorities federal referees for voting

45
Q

what did the 1960 civil rights act achieve

A

more black children in schools

number of black graduates increased

46
Q

limitations of 1960 civil rights act

A

most schools still in poor areas and some still segregated

47
Q

what was the 1962 executive order

A

affirmative action

preference given to black interviews for jobs

48
Q

achievements of 1962 executive order

A

black upper and middle class had grown significantly

siginiftcnt access to work in the higher levels of business, education government and law

49
Q

what was the 1964 civil rights act

A

bans discrimination of sex or race in voting,public service and work

equal opportunities commission set up to enforce this

49
Q

limitations of the 1962 executive order

A

created the feeling of minority quota instead of based of merit

50
Q

achievements of the 1964 civil rights act

A

helped to end de jure segregation in public places and schools

socioeconomic score doubled for men and women between 1940-80

home ownership increased

51
Q

limitations of the1964 civil rights act

A

poor were getting poorer and more were falling below the poverty line

52
Q

what was the 1965 voting rights act

A

banned attempts to stop people voting because of their race
made literacy tests illegal and replaced white registrars with government approved officials

53
Q

what were the achievements of the 1965 voting rights act

A

lots of black politicians at federal and state level

by 1980 the number of back voters was o ly 7% lower than the whites

number of black southerners increased in office x6

54
Q

limitations of 1965 voting rights act

A

did little to facilitate black voting and didnt really help those in northern/western ghettos

55
Q

what was the Swann Vs Charlotte Mecklen board of education 1971

A

bus children out of poor areas to desegregated schools

56
Q

what were achievements of Swann Vs Charlotte

A

more black children in schools

57
Q

limitations of Swann Vs Charlotte 1971

A

most schools still in poor areas and some stilll segregated

black children less likely to succeed and more likely to drop out

A-Level History - The American Dream (12 decks)

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