chapter 2- quest for civil rights 1945-65

Question 1

in1946 what did Truman criticise

Answer 1

southern law enforcement officials who failed to protect black service men and estalsiehd a committee of liberals to investigate the increasing violence even though adivisors warned this a political suicide

Question 2

what did the committee established by Truman call for
to secure these rights

Answer 2

antilynching legislation
abolition of poll tax
voting rights laws
end discrimination in employment, interstate travel and armed forces

Question 3

de jure segreagtion

Answer 3

in law in the south

Question 4

de facto segregation

Answer 4

not in law segregation in north and west

Question 5

in 1947 and 8 what did Truman ask congress for

Answer 5

civil rights legislation to implement reccomendations of to secure these right

first goal secure fully essential human rights of all our citizens

cited declaration of indeoendce all men are equal

equality was important for americas Cold War image

Question 6

couldn’t get them to pass civil rights but what did Truman do in 1948

Answer 6

used executive powers to try and end discrimination in armed forces and garuntee fair employment in the federal bureaucracy

army resisted until pressure of Cold War spread up the desegregation

Question 7

what did Truman do for employment in 1948

Answer 7

rejected his request to continue FEPC however established the Fair employment board which aimed to ensure equal treatment for people from minority ethnic groups in federal hiring

Question 8

what was established in 1951

Answer 8

Comittee on Government contract compliance (CGCC)

Question 9

what did CGCC try to do

Answer 9

deprive discrimantory companies of federal contracts

couldn’t only recommend but not enforce but advertised presidential commitment to economic equality

Question 10

who did truman adminstarion support

Answer 10

NAACP litigation that accumulated after the brown ruling 1954 against segregated schools

Question 11

wha were some of the protests during WW2

Answer 11

local branches organised protests against segregated lunch counters (Topeka,Kansas) an movie theatres (Council Bluffs, Iowa)

Question 12

what did the New Orleans lousisiana branch do in the 1940-50s

Answer 12

boycotted stores that refused to allow black women try on clothes on the same term as white women

Question 13

what caused the Sweatt Vs Painter trail of 1950

Answer 13

the university of Texas law school denied Sweatt admission based on the colour of his skin

there was another African law school however it wasn’t up to the same standard

Question 14

what progress was made due to Sweatt Vs Painter

Answer 14

the state of Texas had to prove that they made a substantial effort to create equal opportunities for both races

Question 15

what were the limitations of Sweatt vs Painter

Answer 15

tried to argue that there was a black law school available in the state of Texas however it wasn’t at the same standard

Question 16

what was the Brown vs board of education case 1954

Answer 16

the NAACP bundled together cases against desegrqagarion of schools that had previously been dismissed and took them all to court togeyherb

Question 17

what progress was made due to brown vs board of education

Answer 17

Judge earl warren felt it was unequal and wanted desegregation of schools\

said that diversity in the class rooms was good

Question 18

limitations of Brown vs board of edu

Answer 18

didnt give a time frame for this desperation which was vague and allowed states to take as long as they wanted

Question 19

what caused the montegomery bus boycott 1956

Answer 19

rosa parks was ordered to gibe up her seat to a white man on the bus

she refused and was arrested

she was a trained activist and secretary of the Montgomery branch in NAACP

Question 20

what was created a day after rosa parks arrest

Answer 20

Montegomery improvement association led by MLK

Question 21

what did MIA do

Answer 21

publicised arrest and boycotts handed out leaflets and held meetings

organised other transport for people in they couldn’t walk

Question 22

when did bus boycott start

Answer 22

day of trial
dec 5 1955

75% bus users were black and 90% of them stayed away from buses

it lasted 380 days

Question 23

what were MLK s rules during the protest

Answer 23

to keep it peaceful and kept media informed of everything

garnered a lot of media attention

Question 24

shows determination in Montgomery bus boycott

Answer 24

taxi druvers were penalised for taking fares

MLK and NAACP E.D Nixons houses were bombed

continued even after king was imprisoned

some lost their jobs and carried on

Question 25

when was bus segregation ruled unconstitutional

Answer 25

13 Nov 1956 and on the 21 dec over a year after the bus boycott starte, black people began to ride the buses again

Question 26

what was Little Rock like

Answer 26

had a racist governor Orval Faubus but there were some intergrated schools bused were desecrated there in 1956

Question 27

what happened in Little Rock

Answer 27

in 1957 9 black children were selected to anted the previously all white central high school

Question 28

what happened to elizebteh eckford when she tried to return home

Answer 28

had to walk through a screaming mob trying to get back to her bus stop shouting to Lynch her photos of incident shocked the world d 250 reporters and photographers there

Question 29

what happened on 4 sept the first day of school

Answer 29

Fabaus sent state national guard to stop the children going in 'for their safety' 8 students got the message as they went to school by car Elizabeth Eckford didnt get the message, she was turned away at the school by the national guard

Question 30

what were some negative impacts of the success of the Bus boycott

Answer 30

hardened racial divide white candied who favoured segregation were next voted in at local elections 3 days after desegregation kings home was firebombed snipers shot at black massagers sat in white seats on the bus

Question 31

what did king say to eisen hower at their meeting together

Answer 31

this was damaging Eisenhowers political image and urged federal intervention

Question 32

what did Eisenhower do in response to Little Rock

Answer 32

reluctantly sent in federal troops to guard the children to and from school and in school corridors

Question 33

negative impacts of Little Rock

Answer 33

children wee subject to years of taunts and violence homes of local NAACP leaders were firebombed multiple times Faubus closed the central school for a year to "let things cool off'

Question 34

what happened at the Greensborough sit in

Answer 34

1st feb 1960 4 black students went to department school for supply and then to the segregated lunch counter and waited to be served kept waiting until the store shut next day 30 students joined them day after nearly all the seats were taken up by black student media took photos of black well dressed boys waiting patiently whilst white boys yelled I there faces blew smoke at them and poured food on them

Question 35

strengths of the greensborogh sitin

Answer 35

media carried on till stores shut peaceful way of restating

Question 36

what were the freedom rides 1961

Answer 36

CORE and SNCC members carried out rides in the south organised by James farmer to test wether bus restrooms facilities had been segrgetad like they should after 1961 Supreme Court ruling would cause violence the deeper they went south and felt this was the only way to get government to enforce legislation buses wee attacked Alabama bus fired bombed and chased by around 50 cars freedom riders were iprisoned in birimigham and beaten up in Montgomery 3 killed

Question 37

strengths of the freedom rides 1961

Answer 37

people kept on riding lost of media covrag e only way to make gov enforce anything

Question 38

weakness of the freedom rides

Answer 38

first 2 buses were attacked and people were beaten up cars chased people and people were impriusoned

Question 39

what happened in Birmingham 1963

Answer 39

king and SCLC led a push to desegregate the whole town new it would prove violence but knew from core and SNCC that it would work posters and leaflets were made with specific reference tp the American dream one tactic was to get arrested and fill the jails and by the end of the moth they were full children were trained in protest tactics high pressure fire hoses and dogs were used by the police shocking pictures were spread worldwide and ashamed JFK this was JFKS reason for pressing for a civil rights legislation

Question 40

strengths of Birmingham 1963

Answer 40

it made people admit that race was the biggest problem in America America was a national disgrace

Question 41

what was the march on Washington 1963

Answer 41

it was the largest demonstration in America history 200,000 people organised by A.Phillips Randolph had artists such a Bob Dylan play

Question 42

strengths of the march on Washington

Answer 42

MLK created a huge profile - I have a dream speech civil rights act was signed 1 year later

Question 43

weaknesses of the march on Washington

Answer 43

still issues continued outside of legislative success tension for black militant groups who felt they hadn't been addressed during the event.

Question 44

what was the 1960 civil rights act

Answer 44

crime to obstruct federal orders(deseg of schools) by threat or force and authorities federal referees for voting

Question 45

what did the 1960 civil rights act achieve

Answer 45

more black children in schools number of black graduates increased

Question 46

limitations of 1960 civil rights act

Answer 46

most schools still in poor areas and some still segregated

Question 47

what was the 1962 executive order

Answer 47

affirmative action preference given to black interviews for jobs

Question 48

achievements of 1962 executive order

Answer 48

black upper and middle class had grown significantly siginiftcnt access to work in the higher levels of business, education government and law

Question 49

what was the 1964 civil rights act

Answer 49

bans discrimination of sex or race in voting,public service and work equal opportunities commission set up to enforce this

Question 49

limitations of the 1962 executive order

Answer 49

created the feeling of minority quota instead of based of merit

Question 50

achievements of the 1964 civil rights act

Answer 50

helped to end de jure segregation in public places and schools socioeconomic score doubled for men and women between 1940-80 home ownership increased

Question 51

limitations of the1964 civil rights act

Answer 51

poor were getting poorer and more were falling below the poverty line

Question 52

what was the 1965 voting rights act

Answer 52

banned attempts to stop people voting because of their race made literacy tests illegal and replaced white registrars with government approved officials

Question 53

what were the achievements of the 1965 voting rights act

Answer 53

lots of black politicians at federal and state level by 1980 the number of back voters was o ly 7% lower than the whites number of black southerners increased in office x6

Question 54

limitations of 1965 voting rights act

Answer 54

did little to facilitate black voting and didnt really help those in northern/western ghettos

Question 55

what was the Swann Vs Charlotte Mecklen board of education 1971

Answer 55

bus children out of poor areas to desegregated schools

Question 56

what were achievements of Swann Vs Charlotte

Answer 56

more black children in schools

Question 57

limitations of Swann Vs Charlotte 1971

Answer 57

most schools still in poor areas and some stilll segregated black children less likely to succeed and more likely to drop out