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Neuroscience_TKJ > Chapter 2 PPT - Neuroanatomy Overview + Basic Definitions > Flashcards

Chapter 2 PPT - Neuroanatomy Overview + Basic Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Development of the nervous system:

the CNS is made up of the ______ + _______

A

brain + spinal cord

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2
Q

Development of the nervous system:

the PNS is made up of

  • ______ + ______
  • ______ + ______
  • _____
  • _____
A
  • cranial nerves + ganglia
  • spinal nerves + dorsal root ganglia
  • ANS
  • enteric nervous system (part of the ANS that innervated digestive organs)
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3
Q

Development of the nervous system:

At weeks 1-3 : the _______ develops from the amniotic sac. Forming the _____, ____, & _____.

A

embyronic disc

endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

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4
Q

Development of the nervous system:

At weeks _____ : the embryonic disc develops from the . Forming the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm

A

1-3

endoderm

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5
Q

Development of the nervous system:

at weeks ____the ectoderm is developed from the _____ and forms our ____ and ______

A

weeks 1-3

embryonic disc → forms our skin + nervous system***

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6
Q

Development of the nervous system:

at weeks ____the mesoderm is developed from the _____ and forms our ____ and ______

A

weeks 1-3 , embryonic disc

forms our bones and muscles

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7
Q

Development of the nervous system:

at weeks ____the endoderm is developed from the _____ and forms our ____ and ______

A

weeks 1-3, embyronic disc

forms our respiratory + digestive systems

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8
Q

Development of the Nervous System: wks 1-3

Notochord = a cartilagenous tube that will eventually be absorbed into the spinal cord

Notochord develops from the _____ and stimulates the ectoderm to develop into the _____ , which eventually develops into the CNS and PNS

A

mesoderm

Neural plate

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9
Q

Development of the Nervous System: wks ____

______ = a cartilaginous tube that will eventually be absorbed into the spinal cord

_____ develops from the mesoderm and stimulates the _____ to develop into the _____ , which eventually develops into the ___ and ___.

A

weeks 1-3

notochord

Notochord, ectoderm, neural plate -→ CNS and PNS

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10
Q

Embryology Review:

The endoderm becomes: ____, ___, & ____

A

lining of digestive tract

columnar epithelial cells

liver cell

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11
Q

Embryology Review:

The mesoderm becomes: ____, ____, ____, & ____

A

bones + muscles

skeletal muscle, endothelial cells, cardiac muscle, RBC’s

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12
Q

Embryology Review:

The ectoderm becomes: ____, ___, & ____

A

skin + nervous system

Hair, Epithelial cells, neurons

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13
Q

Development of the Nervous system: weeks ____

the neural plate forms along the ______

A

weeks 1-3

midline of embryo

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14
Q

KNOW THIS

At weeks ________ : the neural plate forms along dorsal midline of embryo–Sinks into tissues to form neural groove with neural fold along each side

A

1-3

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15
Q

Development of the Nervous System: wks 2-3

Neural plate develops ___ after _____

Neural groove with Neural folds develops by ____

Neural crest is located ______

A

6 days, fertilization

18 days

dorsolaterally

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16
Q

Somites = primitive segments; a set of bilaterally paired blocks of paraxial mesoderm that form in the embryonic stage of development

New somites are formed in a _____ sequence.

At the end of the ____, 40 somites are present. Somites eventually form _____.

A

craniocaudal

4th week

muscle

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17
Q

Development of the Nervous System:

T/F - BOTH the CNS and the PNS arise from the ectoderm of the embyro

A

T! The ectoderm forms the skin + the nervous system, so this includes ANS and as well

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18
Q

Development of the Nervous System:** **wks 2-3

Neural plate

  1. By the end of _____ of embryonic life, the ectoderm has begun to thicken (caudally/dorsally/rostrally/ ventrally).
  2. This is the neural plate which shows a longitudinal groove along the middorsal line – the neural groove. The anterior end of the plate is much broader. This portion becomes the brain, while the narrower, caudal part forms the spinal cord.
A

day 19, dorsally

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19
Q

Development of the Nervous System:** **wks 2-3

Neural Plate

the Neural plate which shows a longitudinal groove along the _____. Which means the _____ also forms along the

The _____ end of the plate is much broader. This portion becomes ____, while the narrower, _____ part forms the _____.

A

middorsal line, neural groove.

anterior, the brain, caudal, spinal cord

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20
Q

Development of the Nervous System:** **wks 2-3

Neural plate–By the end of the 19th day of embryonic life, the ectoderm has begun to thicken dorsally. The neural plate which shows a longitudinal groove along the middorsal line – the neural groove. The anterior end of the plate is much broader. This portion becomes the brain, while the narrower, caudal part forms the spinal cord.

Neural groove–As the neural plate thickens and expands, its lateral edges are carried dorsally. These are the neural folds.

Neural folds–During the third week, the neural folds begin to meet and fuse along the middorsal line, forming the neural tube.

Neural tube–Neural tube remains open at both ends for a period of time, but by the end of the fourth week both ends close (rostral or anterior neuropore and the caudal or posterior neuropore

A
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21
Q

Development of the Nervous System:** **wks 2-3

Neural folds - During the _____ week, the neural folds begin to ____ along the middorsal line. Forming the ____

A

3rd week, meet and fuse

neural tube.

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22
Q

Development of the Nervous System:** **wks 2-3

The neural tube is formed at ____

A

3 weeks

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23
Q

Development of the Nervous System:** **wks 2-3

Neural tube

The neural tube remains open at both ends for a period of time, but by the ______both ends close. Applying directions to the portions of the tube that close, ______

A

end of the 4th week

(rostral or anterior neuropore + the caudal or posterior neuropore

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24
Q

Development of the Nervous System:** **wks 2-3

Neural crest = thinned lateral margins of the _____

  • the neural crest forms a form a temporary intermediate layer between the ____ and the ____
    • Divide in the ____, migrate laterally and become segmented in cell clusters between the ____ and ____
A

neural plate

neural tube, surface ectoderm

midline, neural tube, the somites

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25
Q

Development of Nervous system :wks 2-3

The neural crest gives rise to _____ (the precursors of neurons) which differentiate into three types of cells:

(1) afferent (sensory) neurons;
(2) postganglionic efferents neurons of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
(3) adrenal medulla

A

neuroblast

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26
Q

Development of Nervous system:** **wks 2-3

Neural Ectoderm development:

The neural crest gives rise to neuroblasts (the precursors of neurons) which differentiate into three types of cells:

(1) _____
(2) _____
(3) _____

A

(1) afferent (sensory) neurons;
(2) POSTGANGLIONIC efferents neurons of the ANS
(3) adrenal medulla

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27
Q

Development of Nervous system:** **wks 2-3

Spongioblasts

spongioblasts are precursors of _____

Spongioblasts differentiate from the _____ and form several types of supporting cells (aka. neuroglia)-→ MAINLY capsule cells and Schwann cells

A
  • neuroglia (supporting cells)*
  • neural crest*
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28
Q

Schwann cells are located in the _____ nervous system.

another name for schwann cells is ____, amd they are responsible for laying down the _____of ____ nerves.

A
  • peripheral*
  • neurilemma* cells, myelin sheath, peripheral
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29
Q

Development of the Nervous System:** **wks 2-3

Neural crest gives rise to:

  • ______ of the (ventral/dorsal) root ganglia of the spinal nerve
  • Cranial nerves and ganglia
  • Peripheral cells of the ANS
  • Skin pigment, teeth
A

Primary sensory neurons, dorsal

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30
Q

Development of the Nervous System:** **wks 2-3

The following develop from with embryo structure?

  • Primary sensory neurons of the DORSAL root ganglia of the spinal nerve
  • Cranial nerves and their ganglia
  • Peripheral cells of the ANS
  • Skin pigment & teeth
A

neural crest

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31
Q

Development of the Nervous System:** **wks 2-3

At day _____, the Neural folds roll & fuse Begins in ____ - then zips ______. This process creates the _____

A

26

cervical region; zips caudally & rostrally, neural tube

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32
Q

Development of the Nervous System:** **wks 2-3

______ separates from ectoderm, sinks deeper, & grows processes that will form _____

A

Neural tube, motor nerve fibers

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33
Q

Development of the Nervous System:** **wks 2-3

At Day ___

The neural tube separates from the _____, sinks deeper, & grows processes that will form _____

A

26,

ectoderm, motor nerve fibers

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34
Q

Development of the Nervous System:** **wks 2-3

At Day ___ , ____ fills with fluid. This fluid will become _____ & _____

A

26, Neural tube, central canal of spinal cord & ventricles of brain

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35
Q

What is this?

A

This is Electron Microscopy of a neural tube forming. Remember that neuralation occurs caudally (starts at c/s and moves caudally)

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36
Q

Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:

the neural tube develops into the ____, ____, & ____

A

brain + spinal cord + ventricles (CSF)

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37
Q

Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:

The brain, spinal cord, and the ventricle (CSF) develop from the: ____

A

Neural tube

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38
Q

Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:

the brain, spinal cord, and ______ develop from the neural tube

A

ventricles (CSF)

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39
Q

Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:

the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon develop develop from _____

A

the neural tube

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40
Q

Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:

the neural tube develops into the: _____, ____, & ____

A

prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon

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41
Q

Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:

the following develop from the _____

prosencephalon becomes the ____

the mesencephalon becomes the ____

the rhombencephalon becomes the _____

A

neural tube

pro = forebrain (includes telencephalon + diencephalon)

Mes = midbrain

rhomb = hindbrain (includes metencephalon + myelencephalon)

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42
Q

Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:

the telencephalon + diencephalon develop from the _____ which forms from the _____

A

proencephalon, neural tube

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43
Q

Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:

The midbrain tectum is _____ , and is formed from the _____

A

the roof of the midbrain, mesencephalon

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44
Q

Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:

The Midbrain tegmentum is ____ , and is formed from

A

midbrain tegmentum = floor of midbrain

mesencephalon

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45
Q

Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:

The Metencephalon is aka. _____ , and is formed from _____

A

after brain, rhombencephelon (which forms from the neural tube)

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46
Q

Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:

The Myelencephalon is aka. _____ , and is formed from _____

A

marrow brain, the rhombencephalon –→ neural tube

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47
Q

Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:

the pons & cerebellum form from the _____, which originates from development of the ______

A

metencephalon (after brain), neural tube

neural tube → rhombencephalon → metencephelon (after brain) → pons & cerebellum

→ myencephalon (marrow brain) → medulla

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48
Q

Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:

the medulla forms from the _____, which originates from development of the ______

A

Myelencephalon (marrow brain) , neural tube

neural tube → rhombencephalon → metencephelon (after brain) → pons & cerebellum

→ myencephalon (marrow brain) → medulla

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49
Q

Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:

What is the difference between the mesenephelon, the metencephalon, and the myelecephalon?

A

Mesencephalon = is one of the 3 primary structures that formed from the neural tube

metencephalon & myelecephalon develops AFTER the rhombencephalon is formed from the neural tube

neural tube → rhombencephalon → metencephelon (after brain) → pons & cerebellum

neural tube → rhombencephalon → myencephalon (marrow brain) → medulla

50
Q

Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:

T/F - the diencephalon is formed from the Mesencephalon and the telencephalon is formed from the Proencephalon

A

F - the diencephalon and telencephalon both form from the prosencephalon (forebrain)

51
Q

Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:

neural tube → proencephalon → telecephalon → which forms ___, ___,___, & ___

A

Cerebral cortex

white matter

basal ganglia

limbic system

52
Q

Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:

neural tube → proencephalon → diecephalon → which goes on to form the _____ + _____

A

thalmus + hypothalamus (& epithalamus & subthalamus)

53
Q

Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:

The midbrain tectum and the midbrain tegmentum develop from the ______

A

mesencephalon

54
Q

Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:

At the _____ of development, the neural tube exhibits 3 anterior primary vesicles

____, ____, _____

A

4th week of development

Prosencephalon (Forebrain)

Mesencephalon (Midbrain)

Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain)

55
Q

Development of the Nervous System -** **wks 3-4

The wall of neural tube forms three primary vesicles:

___, ____, ____

A

Prosencephalon (Forebrain)

Mesencephalon (Midbrain)

Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain)

56
Q

Development of the Nervous System -

At _____ of development, the wall of neural tube forms three primary vesicles:

Prosencephalon (Forebrain), Mesencephalon (Midbrain), Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain)

A

wks 3-4 of development

57
Q

Development of the Nervous System -** **wks 3-4

The wall of the neural tube forms three primary vesicles:

Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, and Rhombencephalon

Caudally,

the wall becomes _______, and the cavity of the neural tube forms the _____

A

the spinal cord, central canal

58
Q

Development of the Nervous System -** **wks 3-4

The wall of the neural tube forms three primary vesicles:

Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, and Rhombencephalon

(Rostrally/ Dorsally,/Ventrally/ Caudally)

the wall of the neural tube becomes the spinal cord , and the cavity of the neural tube forms the central canal

A

caudally

59
Q

Development of the Nervous System -** **wks 3-4

Name the 5 vesicle stage of development

A
60
Q

Development of the Nervous System -** **@ week 4!!!!

Prosencephalon (specifically the telencephalon) undergoes _____

Rhombencephalon and mesencephalon undergo ______

______ system develops!

A

rapid growth changes

minor changes

Ventricular system develops!

61
Q

Development of the Nervous System –** **5 wks

At this point the _____system is developing and the _____ in the Lateral ventricles can be identified in the ______ outpoutches.

___ leaves the telencephalon through the ___ to the diencephalon. (Lat → 3rd ventricle)

Diencephalon has the cerebral aqueduct for ____ to pass to the ____ (3rd → 4th ventricle)

Fluid leaves the rhombencephalon through the _____ (2 of them) AND the ____.

A

ventricular, Choroid plexus, telencephalic

CSF, Foramen of Monroe

fluid, mesencephalon

Foramen of Magende, Foramen of Lushka

62
Q

Development of the Nervous System –** **5 wks

the Neural tube subdivides into the _____vesicles

(Forebrain) Telencephalon → cerebral hemispheres

Diencephalon → thalamus structures; optic vesicles become retinass

(Midbrain) mesencephalon

(Hindbrain) metencephalon & myelencephalon

A

5 secondary

63
Q

Development of the Nervous System –** **5 wks

the Neural tube subdivides into the 5 secondary vesicles

(Forebrain) Telencephalon → _____

Diencephalon →____; ______

(Midbrain) mesencephalon

(Hindbrain) metencephalon & myelencephalon

A

cerebral hemispheres

thalamus structures (thalamus +hypothalamus; optic vesicles become retinas

64
Q

Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:

neural tube → ventricles → ____, ____, ____

A

lateral ventricle, 3rd ventricle, 4th ventricle

65
Q

Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:

neural tube → ventricles → lateral ventricle, 3rd ventricle, 4th ventricle

lateral ventricle becomes ____

3rd ventricle becomes ____

4th ventricle becomes ____

A

foramen of Monroe

cerebral aqueduct

foramen of lushka + foramen of Magende

66
Q

Development of the Nervous System -** **wks 3-4

Neural tube

  • Swellings and out-pouchings at the head become the _____
  • Neural tube running down the back becomes the _____
  • Fluid-filled cavities within the tube as in folds develop into the _____, which contain _____
A

brain

spinal cord

brain ventricles, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

67
Q

Development of the Ventricular system

Prosencephalon → Telencephalonn → ________

→ Diencephalonn → ________

Mesencephalon —————————→ ________

Rhombencephalon → Metencephalon

→ Myelencephalon → ________

A

Prosencephalon → Telencephalonn → lateral ventricle

→ Diencephalonn → third ventricle

Mesencephalon —————————→ cerebral aqueduct

Rhombencephalon → Metencephalon

→ Myelencephalon fourth ventricle

68
Q

Development of the Ventricular system

Lateral ventricle develops from which of the 5 secondary vesicle?

A

telencephalon

69
Q

Development of the Ventricular system

The 3rd ventricle develops from which of the 5 secondary vesicle?

A

diencephalon

70
Q

Development of the Ventricular system

The cerebral aqueduct develops from which of the 3 primary vesicles?

It connects the ____ and the ____

A

mesencephalon

third and 4th ventricles

71
Q

Development of the Ventricular system

The 4th ventricle develops from which of the 5 secondary vesicles?

A

Fourth ventricle develops from the myelencephalon

is bounded by the medulla, pons and the cerebellum

72
Q

Development of the Ventricular system

the spinal cord develops from the _____

A

central canal

73
Q

Development of the Ventricular system

The ventricles are spaces within the ____ nervous system that hold ~____ cc static volume of _____

A

central (CNS), 150, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

74
Q

Development of the Ventricular system

Ventricles are spaces within the central nervous system that hold ~150 cc static volume of cerebrospinal fluid

  • CSF is _______
  • CSF adds _____ and ____ to the CNS, as well as takes away ____
A

a filtering of blood

adds → bouyancy and nutrients

takes away → by-products

75
Q

Development of the Ventricular system

the Choroid Plexus is _____

A

a specialization of vasculature bringing blood supply to the brain

76
Q

Development of the Ventricular system

the Choroid Plexus = a specialization of vasculature bringing blood supply to the brain

  • Choroid plexus produces ~____ cc/day of ____, need to remove older fluid.
    Choroid plexus located in the _____
A

500 - 600, CSF

telencephalon and diencephalon

77
Q

Development of the Ventricular system

  • CSF (enters/leaves) the telencephalon through the ____ to the diencephalon. (Lat → 3rd ventricle)
  • Diencephalon has the _____ for fluid to pass to the mesencephalon (3rd →4th ventricle)
  • Fluid (enters/leaves) the rhombencephalon through the ____ and ____
A

leaves, Foramen Monroe

leaves, cerebral aqueduct

Foramen of Magende (2 of them) & the Foramen of Lushka.

78
Q

Development of the Ventricular system

  • CSF (enters/leaves) the ___ through the Foramen of Monroe to the ______. (Lat → 3rd ventricle)
  • ___ has the cerebral aqueduct for ____ to pass to the ____ . (3rd → 4th ventricle)
  • Fluid (enters/leaves) the ____ through the Foramen of Magende (2 of them) & the Foramen of Lushka.
A

leaves, telencephalon, diencephalon

Diencephalon, fluid, mesencephalon

leaves, rhombencephalon,

79
Q

CNS Development Pathology

abnormal development:

Congenital malformations of the CNS result from failure of the neural tube to close:

  • Rostral neuropore
    • anencephaly
  • Caudal neuropore: 4 types of spinal bifida
    • myelocele
    • meningomyelocele
    • meningocele
    • spina bifida occulta
A

…

80
Q

CNS Development Pathology

abnormal development:

Congenital malformations of the CNS result from ______. This can result in:

  • Rostral neuropore
    • anencephaly
  • Caudal neuropore: 4 types of spinal bifida
    • myelocele
    • meningomyelocele
    • meningocele
    • spina bifida occulta
A

failure of the neural tube to close

81
Q

CNS Development Pathology

abnormal development:

Congenital malformations of the CNS result from failure of the neural tube to close. This can result in: rostral neuropore (anencephaly) or caudal neuropore (spina bifida)

rostral neuropore (aka. anterior neuropore) = an opening of the anterior region of the embryonic neural tube of the developing prosencephalon.

Failure of closure of the anterior neuropore during embryogenesis will lead to anencephaly: ________

A

the failure of the brain and skull to develop

82
Q

CNS Development Pathology

abnormal development:

Congenital malformations of the CNS result from failure of the neural tube to close. This can result in: rostral neuropore (anencephaly) or caudal neuropore (spina bifida)

4 types of caudal neuropore are: ____, ____, ____, ____

A

MYELOCELE, meningoMYELOCELE, meningocele , spina bifida occulta

83
Q

CNS Development Pathology

abnormal development: caudal neuropore

A defect in the spinal cord; The skin, meninges and bone are missing with exposed spinal cord = ______

A

MYELOCELE

FYI: In myelocele, the spinal cord is exposed so that nerve tissue lies exposed on the surface of the back without even a covering of skin or of the meninges, the membranous tissue surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

84
Q

CNS Development Pathology

abnormal development: caudal neuropore

_______ = is a defect in meninges and spinal cord; most severe form of spina bifidasimilar to myelocele with neural elements outside of vertebral canal but skin may be intact. Always associated with paralysis

  • Partial to complete paralysis
A

meningoMYELOCELE OR MYELOmeningocele

85
Q

CNS Development Pathology

abnormal development: caudal neuropore

______ = when the neural elements remain IN the vertebral canal; cyst with CSF seen at level of deformity

  • spinal fluid and meninges protrude through an opening in the vertebral arches and dura mater
  • skin may or may not be missing
  • Neural elements remain in the vertebral canal.
  • A cyst containing cerebrospinal fluid is seen in the area of defect.
  • Partial to no paralysis
A

meningocele

86
Q

CNS Development Pathology

abnormal development: caudal neuropore

_____ = the mildest form of a caudal neuropore; the dura and skin stay/ are intact, but one or more bony vertebral arches fail to develop; people with this defect rarely present with disability.

A

spina bifida occulta

87
Q

CNS Development Pathology

this form of caudal neuropore is ALWAYS associated with paralysis

A

MYELOmeningocele or meningoMYELOcele

88
Q

CNS Development Pathology

_______ = malformation of fat, bone or meninges; may have no symptoms to minimal symptoms such as bowel or bladder dysfunction and partial paralysis.

A

Closed neural tube defect

89
Q

CNS Development Pathology

This developmental disorder is this a ___ neuropore, specifically __.

It is a deformity of _____ and ______.

Level of paralysis = ____

A

Caudal Neuropore, Meningomyelocele

Deformity of spinal cord and meninges

Partial to COMPLETE paralysis

90
Q

CNS Development Pathology

This deformity is an example of a ______ neuropore, specifically ____ which is a deformity of the ______. The spinal cord is located _____ the vertebral canal and a ______ +______ are observed at the level of deficit

Paralysis level = ________

skin ______

A

meninges that does not form properly

within, Cyst with CSF → Neural elements remain IN the vertebral canal

Partial to no paralysis

skin may or may not be missing

91
Q

CNS Development Pathology

_____ is the most common type of caudal neuropore. Hallmarks of this deformity are _______ fail to develop. Dura and skin are _____ . Some people may have a ____/ ____ at site of deformity

A

Dura and skin = intact

one or more bony vertebral arches fail to develop

Patch of hair/birth mark at site of deformity

92
Q

Orientation and Planes

ABOVE the brainstem

superior = ______

Anterior = ______

Inferior = ______

posterior = ______

A

superior = dorsal

Anterior = rostral

Inferior = ventral

posterior = caudal

93
Q

Orientation and Planes

BELOW the brainstem

superior = ______

Anterior = ______

Inferior = ______

posterior = ______

A

superior = rostral

Anterior = ventral

Inferior = caudal

posterior = dorsal

(yellow)

94
Q

Orientation and Planes

Above the brainstem

superior = ______

A

dorsal

95
Q

Orientation and Planes

Above the brainstem

ventral = ______

A

inferior

96
Q

Orientation and Planes

Above the brainstem

inferior = ______

A

ventral

97
Q

Orientation and Planes

Above the brainstem

posterior = ______

A

caudal

98
Q

Orientation and Planes

describe the:

horizontal plane ____

coronal plane ____

sagittal plane ____

A
99
Q

T/F

the cranial nerve + CN ganglia are part of the PNS

A

True!

100
Q

the spinal nerves and dorsal root ganglia are part of which nervous system?

A

PNS

101
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves + their ganglia are part of which nervous system?

A

PNS

102
Q

the enteric nervous system is part of which nervous system?

A

PNS

103
Q

Orientation and Planes

BELOW the brainstem

inferior = ______

A

caudal

104
Q

Orientation and Planes

BELOW the brainstem

ventral = ______

A

anterior

105
Q

Orientation and Planes

BELOW the brainstem

posterior = ______

A

dorsal

106
Q

Orientation and Planes

BELOW the brainstem

superior = ______

A

rostral

107
Q

ventral = latin for belly. Where is the “belly side” of the cortex?

A

above brainstem = ↓

below brainstem = ←

108
Q

dorsal = latin for “back”

which direction is dorsal ABOVE the level of the brain stem?

Which direction is dorsal BELOW the level of the brain stem?

A

above = ↑

below = →

109
Q

rostral = latin for “toward the snout”

Which direction is rostal when we’re looking at the level ABOVE the brainstem?

What about BELOW the brainstem?

A

above = ←

below = ↑

110
Q

caudal = latin for “toward the tail”

ABOVE the brainstem, which direction is caudal?

BELOW the brainstem, which direction is caudal?

A

above = →

below = ↓

111
Q

the nervous system is composed of neurons and _____

A

glial cells → support cells

112
Q

communication between neurons take place mainly at specialized regions called _____

A

synapses

113
Q

when synaptic inputs excite a neuron, a transient voltage change called an _____ occurs, lasting about 1 ms.

A

action potential

114
Q

axons are often insulated by _____ that form a lipid myelin sheath, thereby speeding up the rate of an action potential conduction

A

schwann cells

115
Q

In the CNS, the myelin forming glial cells are called ______

in the PNS, the myelin forming glial cells are called ______

A

oligodendrocytes

schwann cells

116
Q

the area in which voltage-gates ion channels are concentrated in shorted, exposed segments of the axon are called ____

A

nodes on ranvier

117
Q

the thalamus is made up of ____ matter

A

grey

118
Q

the basal ganglia is made up of ____ matter

A

grey

119
Q

the cortex is made up of ____ matter

A

grey

120
Q

the cerebral hemisphere is made up of ____ matter

A

white

121
Q

In the brain, white matter is located _____, and grey matter is _____

In the spinal cord, white matter is_____. and grey matter is ______

A

brain = white inside, grey outside

spinal cord = grey inside, white outside

Neuroscience_TKJ (4 decks)

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