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Physical Geography > Chapter 2 - Portraying Earth > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Portraying Earth Flashcards

1
Q

___ is the type of remote sensing imagery best suited to use at night.

A

Thermal infrared

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2
Q

The first aerial photographs were taken in…

A

The middle 1800s

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3
Q

Of the following which is NOT considered a map essential?

A

Color

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4
Q

Which of the following is essential for GPS to function?

A

Highly accurate clocks

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5
Q

The relationship between the map distance and the corresponding distance on the ground is known as the…

A

Scale

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6
Q

The scale of one inch to one mile is ___ in a representative fraction.

A

1:63,360

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7
Q

Which of the below, because of the wavelength it uses, tends to have the low spatial resolution of Earth surface features?

A

Microwave remote sensing

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8
Q

The “false color” imagery of some aerial photographs is also termed…

A

Color IR

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9
Q

Which mapmaking method would be used to minimize distortion of continents on a world map?

A

An interrupted projection

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10
Q

The characteristic of projections which portray accurate sizes but distort the shapes of land masses is called…

A

Equivalence

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11
Q

Aside from normal photographic film, ___ film has proven very valuable for interpretation of earth resources from airborne cameras.

A

Color infrared

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12
Q

Central meridians are essential features in an ___ projection.

A

Interrupted

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13
Q

Which of the following is considered a “perfect” map projection in terms of the amount of distortion associated with it?

A

None of the above

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14
Q

All map projections have this in common.

A

Some distortion

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15
Q

A major disadvantage of oblique aerial photographs as compared to vertical air photographs is that…

A

Accurate measurement is more difficult

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16
Q

___ is the science of obtaining reliable measurements from photographs.

A

Photogrammetry

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17
Q

One difference between any two different map projections must always be…

A

How the geographic grid is arranged

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18
Q

Most of the maps are drawn on ___ projections for an optimal portrayal of worldwide dimensions.

A

Equivalent

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19
Q

Conformal maps greatly distort ___ of continents in higher latitudes.

A

Shapes

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20
Q

By far, the greatest use of thermal IR scanning systems has been…

A

Onboard meteorological satellites

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21
Q

On which type of aerial imagery would a football field of artificial grass be discernible from natural grass?

A

Color infrared photography

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22
Q

Microwave imagery is ideally suited for sensing…

A

Moisture

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23
Q

On large scale maps, equivalence and conformity can be…

A

Simultaneously approximates for small areas

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24
Q

The first airborne platform for aerial photography was a…

A

Balloon

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25
Q

Map projections are mainly derived…

A

Mathematically

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26
Q

The scale of 1:63,360 is the same as one inch equals…

A

One mile

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27
Q

On small scale maps, it is difficult to achieve…

A

Equivalence

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28
Q

In ___ film photography, the photographic film is sensitive to wavelengths longer than visible light.

A

Color infrared

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29
Q

An ___ is the generic term for any map line which joins points of equal value.

A

Isoline

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30
Q

The property of equivalence portrays accurate size although it…

A

Distorts shapes

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31
Q

The most famous and, undoubtedly, most widely used of all map projections is the ___ projection.

A

Mercator

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32
Q

A loxodrome is another term for a…

A

Rhumb line

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33
Q

The main purpose of the interruption of projections is…

A

To highlight continents with minimum distortion

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34
Q

The type of remote sensing which penetrates clouds at night for accurate terrain representation is…

A

Radar

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35
Q

A line connecting points with equal precipitation is known as an…

A

Isohyet

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36
Q

Isolines have all the properties EXCEPT the following:

A

They may cross eachother

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37
Q

A ___ scale remains correct even if the map is enlarged or reduced when reproduced.

A

Graphic

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38
Q

The first cartographer to use isolines on a published map was…

A

Halley

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39
Q

Three dimensional effects are best obtained with…

A

Vertical aerial photographs

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40
Q

Together, title, date, and legend on a map are known as…

A

Map essentials

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41
Q

Which remote sensing systems sense the longest wavelengths?

A

Microwave imaging

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42
Q

A disadvantage of globes compared to maps is that globes are not…

A

Portable

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43
Q

The original purpose of the Mercator projection was for…

A

Ocean navigation

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44
Q

In the Mercator projection, which piece of the earth is portrayed ridiculously large in comparison to it’s actual size?

A

Greenland

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45
Q

Radar is an “active” remote sensing system and ___ is a “passive” system using the same wavelengths.

A

Microwave sensing

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46
Q

Which or the following refers to an “active” remote sensing system?

A

Radar

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47
Q

The most important earth resources satellite series was started in the 1970s and is known as…

A

Landsat

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48
Q

Unlike aerial photography, Landsat imagery is interpreted through…

A

Numerical manipulation of various wavelengths

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49
Q

MODIS is associated with which satellite series?

A

EOS

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50
Q

Satellite data are analyzed in individual pieces representing several to many meters on the earth’s surface. These pieces are known as…

A

Pixels

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51
Q

Which of the following bands are NOT used by earth-sensing satellites mentioned in the text?

A

X-rays

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52
Q

On color infrared photography, living green vegetation would appear…

A

Red

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53
Q

If one wishes to produce a map which focused on the continents and showed little of the world’s oceans, the they should use an ___ projection.

A

Interrupted

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54
Q

A loxodrome is…

A

A line of constant compass bearing

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55
Q

A Mercator map is constructed by projecting the grid of the globe onto a…

A

Cone

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56
Q

Which of the following is the most recent type of earth resource satellites?

A

EOS

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57
Q

Which of the following is an advantage of radar over all other remote sensing techniques?

A

It can operate at night

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58
Q

Which of the following should contain a brief summary of map’s content or purpose?

A

The title

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59
Q

The explanation of symbols used on a map should be contained in…

A

The legend

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60
Q

Which of the following is most closely identified with “multispectral remote sensing”?

A

Landsat

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61
Q

Every map projection consists of an orderly arrangement of…

A

The geographic grid

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62
Q

Misuse of the Mercator projection is a result of…

A

Latitudinal differences in scale

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63
Q

How much area is shown in an entire Landsat image?

A

A few thousand square kilometers

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64
Q

A mountain appears in overlapping vertical aerial photographs. Which of the following measurements could be made by use of the photographs?

A

All of the above

Exact altitudes, area, steepness of its slopes, contour lines

65
Q

Radar senses energy in wavelengths longer than…

A

1 millimeter

66
Q

The ERTS series of satellites, launched in the 1970s, is now known as…

A

Landsat

67
Q

The basic imaging instrument in the Landsat series of satellites is known as the…

A

Thematic mapper

68
Q

Aerial photography of the earth’s surface taken from an angle other than straight down is termed…

A

Oblique

69
Q

A GIS is a library of information based on…

A

Maps

70
Q

Which of the below wavelengths have been most useful in expanding measure biomass?

A

Near infrared

71
Q

Which of the following is NOT associated with Landsat images?

A

The ultraviolet portion of the spectrum

72
Q

In terms of remote sensing, geographers…

A

Should not stop using maps and field study

73
Q

On an orthophoto map, one might expect to find…

A

Distortion-free photographs

74
Q

Which of the following has been accomplished using the new geopositioning technology?

A

All of the above

Ocean floor mapping, earthquake prediction, natural disaster damage assessment, volcano monitoring

75
Q

Geopositioning technology…

A

Has accuracies better than the best bass maps

76
Q

Which of the following would be used for overlay map analysis where two or more map layers are superimposed or integrated?

A

GIS

77
Q

GIS technology is a direct result of advances in…

A

All of the above

Surveying, computer cartography, spatial stayistics, remote sensing

78
Q

For geographers, the new mapping tools like remote sensing, GPS, and GIS are best viewed as…

A

Adjuncts to field study

79
Q

Which of the following would be a type of application in which a GIS could be used?

A

All of the above
(Environment site assessment, resource management, environmental monitoring, integrating topographic information with vegetation information)

80
Q

The U.S. version of GPS is dependent on triangulation using a network of at least ___ satellites.

A

24

81
Q

To represent elevation on maps, cartographers use ___, which are a form of isoline.

A

Contour lines

82
Q

___ is what enables aerial photographs to be viewed in “stereo”.

A

Overlap

83
Q

Which of the following choices represents a technology into which the other choices can be used as inputs?

A

GIS

84
Q

___ is the “major dilemma” of mapmaking explained by the text.

A

Equivalence versus conformality

85
Q

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is based on…

A

Data from satellites

86
Q

An ___ is a line joining points of equal magnetic declination.

A

Isotonic line

87
Q

A ___ map contains lines joining points of equal elevations.

A

Contour

88
Q

___ are multi-colored, distortion-free photographic image maps.

A

Orthophoto maps

89
Q

To use a ___, aerial photographs must be carefully overlapped.

A

Stereoscope

90
Q

You wish to navigate your yacht from Europe to the U.S. Which type of map projection would be most useful?

A

Mercator

91
Q

Which of the following portions of the electromagnetic spectrum is sensed on FILM?

A

Color infrared

92
Q

Which remote sensing technology demonstrates universal applicability to most problems?

A

None of the above

93
Q

To construct an isoline on a map it is necessary to…

A

Interpolate between points of known value

94
Q

Maps can be made by projecting the earth’s spherical grid onto…

A

All of the above

Cone, cylinder, plane, paper

95
Q

Which of the following is TRUE concerning GPS technology?

A

It is freely available to the public

96
Q

Which of the following is NOT part of a geographic information system (GIS)?

A

Human drawing of isolines on maps

97
Q

A geometrically corrected map consisting of aerial photographs is known as an ___ map.

A

Orthophoto

98
Q

Which of the following forms of remote sensing is based on sound?

A

sonar

99
Q

An example of a large-scale map is a classroom wall map of the world.

A

FALSE

100
Q

108) The earliest aerial photographs were taken from balloons.

A

TRUE

101
Q

109) Because they are shaped like the real Earth, globes are usually the best way to convey Earth information.

A

FALSE

102
Q

110) At a scale of 1:10,000, the distance of an inch on a map would represent more than a mile on the ground.

A

FALSE

103
Q

111) A globe maintains the properties of conformality and equivalence.

A

TRUE

104
Q

112) A pseudocylindrical projection is a roughly football-shaped map.

A

TRUE

105
Q

113) All conformal projections have meridians and parallels crossing each other at right angles, just as they do on the globe.

A

TRUE

106
Q

114) Thermal infrared images are the most useful type of images for detecting different vegetation types.

A

FALSE

107
Q

115) Choosing the appropriate equivalence projection will result in a map with no distortion in its depiction of Earth features or areas.

A

FALSE

108
Q

116) The maps in your physical geography textbook are an example of automated cartography and were produced using desktop computers.

A

TRUE

109
Q

117) The Mercator projection is very close to maintaining equivalence in low latitudes.

A

TRUE

110
Q

118) A globe is a better model of Earth as a whole than any map.

A

TRUE

111
Q

119) Landsat images are unavailable for public use owing to their “top secret” classification by the U.S. government.

A

FALSE

112
Q

120) On a Mercator projection, the North Pole would be represented by a line as long as the Equator.

A

TRUE

113
Q

121) All map projections have the basic property of equivalence.

A

FALSE

114
Q

122) The scale of a map can never be constant all over the entire map.

A

TRUE

115
Q

123) On Mercator projection, Greenland’s size relative to the United States is greatly exaggerated.

A

TRUE

116
Q

124) The original purpose of the Mercator projection was for navigation.

A

TRUE

117
Q

125) “Equivalence” in map projections means having no scale changes over the entire map.

A

FALSE

118
Q

126) The main useful trait of color infrared photography is its depiction of the states of vegetation.

A

TRUE

119
Q

127) Maps are inherently inaccurate because of their attempt to depict the curved Earth on a flat surface.

A

TRUE

120
Q

128) The one inch to the mile scale map is a small scale map.

A

FALSE

121
Q

129) There are major discrepancies between the true shape of the Earth and that of a globe.

A

FALSE

122
Q

130) Conformality and equivalence are, in general, mutually exclusive properties.

A

TRUE

123
Q

131) Interrupted projections are neither conformal nor equidistant.

A

FALSE

124
Q

132) Images from radar sensors can be acquired only during the daytime.

A

FALSE

125
Q

133) A Mercator map shows loxodromes as straight lines.

A

TRUE

126
Q

134) The Mercator projection should not be used to show tropical areas because they are greatly distorted in area on this projection.

A

FALSE

127
Q

135) A major advantage in using oblique aerial photography is the easy measurement of Earth features.

A

FALSE

128
Q

136) Microwave remote sensing is associated with wavelengths much shorter than those of visible light.

A

FALSE

129
Q

137) Radar imagery is especially appropriate for terrain analysis.

A

TRUE

130
Q

138) A map is usually much smaller than the part of the Earth’s surface it represents.

A

TRUE

131
Q

139) A map which showed your classroom building as being 6 inches long on the map would be a large scale map.

A

TRUE

132
Q

140) There is no possible way to avoid distortion on a map projection.

A

TRUE

133
Q

141) The primary reason for use of a stereoscope is to magnify the photos under study.

A

FALSE

134
Q

142) Satellites in the SPOT and Landsat series carry identical sensors.

A

FALSE

135
Q

143) GPS was originally developed by the U.S. Department of Defense to guide missiles.

A

TRUE

136
Q

144) The enhanced thematic mapper on the newer Landsat satellites is a great improvement because it increases the spectral range within each spectral band used.

A

FALSE

137
Q

145) A map at large scale generally shows a large portion (continental size or larger) of Earth’s surface.

A

FALSE

138
Q

146) It is important that all maps have their meridians parallel to each other as they extend east to west.

A

FALSE

139
Q

147) Title, date, and legend are three of the five ________ .

A

Answer: map essentials

140
Q

148) A(n) ________ scale is a type of map scale which makes use of a line marked off in graduated distances.

A

Answer: graphic

141
Q

149) The representative fraction equivalent to the statement “one inch equals one mile” is ________.

A

Answer: 1:63,360

142
Q

150) ________ is the measurement or acquisition of information by a recording device which is not in physical contact with the object under study.

A

Answer: Remote sensing

143
Q

151) One is able to view overlapping vertical aerial photographs in “3 dimensions” using a device called a ________.

A

Answer: stereoscope

144
Q

152) A ________ is another name for a loxodrome.

A

Answer: rhumb line

145
Q

153) ________ micrometers is a wavelength of visible light (ANY of the wavelengths will do).

A

Answer: Any wavelength between .36 and .72 micrometers is acceptable.

146
Q

154) ________ is the property of map projections which causes areas to be portrayed at the same relative sizes they are on the globe.

A

Answer: Equivalence

147
Q

155) ________ is the Landsat spectral band used for identification of wetlands, organic soils, and water bodies.

A

Answer: The near infrared

148
Q

156) The main problem with conformal projections is that ________.

A

Answer: areas must be distorted to show proper shapes

149
Q

157) ________ is an active form of remote sensing based on sound.

A

Answer: Sonar

150
Q

158) Explain how the use of multispectral scanning is an advantage over the use of a single band when identifying Earth features via remote sensing.

A

Diff: 3

151
Q

159) Suppose a geographer was hired to help assess the health/vigor of the winter wheat crop (to be harvested in the late spring) in an agricultural county of a Great Plains state; the object would be to predict the winter wheat yield two months in advance. What sort of remote sensing techniques might be used and why?

A

Diff: 3

152
Q

160) Explain how the global positioning system operates to locate your position within a few meters.

A

Diff: 3

153
Q

161) Explain how the properties of conformality and equivalence always pose a dilemma to the mapmaker.

A

Diff: 3

154
Q

162) A plane projection is obtained by projecting the markings of a center-lit globe onto a flat piece of paper.

A

TRUE

155
Q

163) A Great Circle Route is always shown as a curved line on a map projection.

A

FALSE

156
Q

164) On a conic projection, the circle of tangency becomes the principal parallel of the map.

A

TRUE

157
Q

165) The Wide Area Augmentation System and the Continuously Operating GPS Reference Stations exist to increase the accuracy of GPS measurements.

A

TRUE

158
Q

166) A(n)_____ is a recent development in cartography that readily allows computer manipulation of maps of Earth’s surface.

A

C) digital elevation model

Physical Geography (7 decks)

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