Chapter 2 - Portraying Earth Flashcards
___ is the type of remote sensing imagery best suited to use at night.
Thermal infrared
The first aerial photographs were taken in…
The middle 1800s
Of the following which is NOT considered a map essential?
Color
Which of the following is essential for GPS to function?
Highly accurate clocks
The relationship between the map distance and the corresponding distance on the ground is known as the…
Scale
The scale of one inch to one mile is ___ in a representative fraction.
1:63,360
Which of the below, because of the wavelength it uses, tends to have the low spatial resolution of Earth surface features?
Microwave remote sensing
The “false color” imagery of some aerial photographs is also termed…
Color IR
Which mapmaking method would be used to minimize distortion of continents on a world map?
An interrupted projection
The characteristic of projections which portray accurate sizes but distort the shapes of land masses is called…
Equivalence
Aside from normal photographic film, ___ film has proven very valuable for interpretation of earth resources from airborne cameras.
Color infrared
Central meridians are essential features in an ___ projection.
Interrupted
Which of the following is considered a “perfect” map projection in terms of the amount of distortion associated with it?
None of the above
All map projections have this in common.
Some distortion
A major disadvantage of oblique aerial photographs as compared to vertical air photographs is that…
Accurate measurement is more difficult
___ is the science of obtaining reliable measurements from photographs.
Photogrammetry
One difference between any two different map projections must always be…
How the geographic grid is arranged
Most of the maps are drawn on ___ projections for an optimal portrayal of worldwide dimensions.
Equivalent
Conformal maps greatly distort ___ of continents in higher latitudes.
Shapes
By far, the greatest use of thermal IR scanning systems has been…
Onboard meteorological satellites
On which type of aerial imagery would a football field of artificial grass be discernible from natural grass?
Color infrared photography
Microwave imagery is ideally suited for sensing…
Moisture
On large scale maps, equivalence and conformity can be…
Simultaneously approximates for small areas
The first airborne platform for aerial photography was a…
Balloon
Map projections are mainly derived…
Mathematically
The scale of 1:63,360 is the same as one inch equals…
One mile
On small scale maps, it is difficult to achieve…
Equivalence
In ___ film photography, the photographic film is sensitive to wavelengths longer than visible light.
Color infrared
An ___ is the generic term for any map line which joins points of equal value.
Isoline
The property of equivalence portrays accurate size although it…
Distorts shapes
The most famous and, undoubtedly, most widely used of all map projections is the ___ projection.
Mercator
A loxodrome is another term for a…
Rhumb line
The main purpose of the interruption of projections is…
To highlight continents with minimum distortion
The type of remote sensing which penetrates clouds at night for accurate terrain representation is…
Radar
A line connecting points with equal precipitation is known as an…
Isohyet
Isolines have all the properties EXCEPT the following:
They may cross eachother
A ___ scale remains correct even if the map is enlarged or reduced when reproduced.
Graphic
The first cartographer to use isolines on a published map was…
Halley
Three dimensional effects are best obtained with…
Vertical aerial photographs
Together, title, date, and legend on a map are known as…
Map essentials
Which remote sensing systems sense the longest wavelengths?
Microwave imaging
A disadvantage of globes compared to maps is that globes are not…
Portable
The original purpose of the Mercator projection was for…
Ocean navigation
In the Mercator projection, which piece of the earth is portrayed ridiculously large in comparison to it’s actual size?
Greenland
Radar is an “active” remote sensing system and ___ is a “passive” system using the same wavelengths.
Microwave sensing
Which or the following refers to an “active” remote sensing system?
Radar
The most important earth resources satellite series was started in the 1970s and is known as…
Landsat
Unlike aerial photography, Landsat imagery is interpreted through…
Numerical manipulation of various wavelengths
MODIS is associated with which satellite series?
EOS
Satellite data are analyzed in individual pieces representing several to many meters on the earth’s surface. These pieces are known as…
Pixels
Which of the following bands are NOT used by earth-sensing satellites mentioned in the text?
X-rays
On color infrared photography, living green vegetation would appear…
Red
If one wishes to produce a map which focused on the continents and showed little of the world’s oceans, the they should use an ___ projection.
Interrupted
A loxodrome is…
A line of constant compass bearing
A Mercator map is constructed by projecting the grid of the globe onto a…
Cone
Which of the following is the most recent type of earth resource satellites?
EOS
Which of the following is an advantage of radar over all other remote sensing techniques?
It can operate at night
Which of the following should contain a brief summary of map’s content or purpose?
The title
The explanation of symbols used on a map should be contained in…
The legend
Which of the following is most closely identified with “multispectral remote sensing”?
Landsat
Every map projection consists of an orderly arrangement of…
The geographic grid
Misuse of the Mercator projection is a result of…
Latitudinal differences in scale
How much area is shown in an entire Landsat image?
A few thousand square kilometers
A mountain appears in overlapping vertical aerial photographs. Which of the following measurements could be made by use of the photographs?
All of the above
Exact altitudes, area, steepness of its slopes, contour lines
Radar senses energy in wavelengths longer than…
1 millimeter
The ERTS series of satellites, launched in the 1970s, is now known as…
Landsat
The basic imaging instrument in the Landsat series of satellites is known as the…
Thematic mapper
Aerial photography of the earth’s surface taken from an angle other than straight down is termed…
Oblique
A GIS is a library of information based on…
Maps
Which of the below wavelengths have been most useful in expanding measure biomass?
Near infrared
Which of the following is NOT associated with Landsat images?
The ultraviolet portion of the spectrum
In terms of remote sensing, geographers…
Should not stop using maps and field study
On an orthophoto map, one might expect to find…
Distortion-free photographs
Which of the following has been accomplished using the new geopositioning technology?
All of the above
Ocean floor mapping, earthquake prediction, natural disaster damage assessment, volcano monitoring
Geopositioning technology…
Has accuracies better than the best bass maps
Which of the following would be used for overlay map analysis where two or more map layers are superimposed or integrated?
GIS
GIS technology is a direct result of advances in…
All of the above
Surveying, computer cartography, spatial stayistics, remote sensing
For geographers, the new mapping tools like remote sensing, GPS, and GIS are best viewed as…
Adjuncts to field study
Which of the following would be a type of application in which a GIS could be used?
All of the above
(Environment site assessment, resource management, environmental monitoring, integrating topographic information with vegetation information)
The U.S. version of GPS is dependent on triangulation using a network of at least ___ satellites.
24
To represent elevation on maps, cartographers use ___, which are a form of isoline.
Contour lines
___ is what enables aerial photographs to be viewed in “stereo”.
Overlap
Which of the following choices represents a technology into which the other choices can be used as inputs?
GIS
___ is the “major dilemma” of mapmaking explained by the text.
Equivalence versus conformality
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is based on…
Data from satellites
An ___ is a line joining points of equal magnetic declination.
Isotonic line
A ___ map contains lines joining points of equal elevations.
Contour
___ are multi-colored, distortion-free photographic image maps.
Orthophoto maps
To use a ___, aerial photographs must be carefully overlapped.
Stereoscope
You wish to navigate your yacht from Europe to the U.S. Which type of map projection would be most useful?
Mercator
Which of the following portions of the electromagnetic spectrum is sensed on FILM?
Color infrared
Which remote sensing technology demonstrates universal applicability to most problems?
None of the above
To construct an isoline on a map it is necessary to…
Interpolate between points of known value
Maps can be made by projecting the earth’s spherical grid onto…
All of the above
Cone, cylinder, plane, paper
Which of the following is TRUE concerning GPS technology?
It is freely available to the public
Which of the following is NOT part of a geographic information system (GIS)?
Human drawing of isolines on maps
A geometrically corrected map consisting of aerial photographs is known as an ___ map.
Orthophoto
Which of the following forms of remote sensing is based on sound?
sonar
An example of a large-scale map is a classroom wall map of the world.
FALSE
108) The earliest aerial photographs were taken from balloons.
TRUE
109) Because they are shaped like the real Earth, globes are usually the best way to convey Earth information.
FALSE
110) At a scale of 1:10,000, the distance of an inch on a map would represent more than a mile on the ground.
FALSE
111) A globe maintains the properties of conformality and equivalence.
TRUE
112) A pseudocylindrical projection is a roughly football-shaped map.
TRUE
113) All conformal projections have meridians and parallels crossing each other at right angles, just as they do on the globe.
TRUE
114) Thermal infrared images are the most useful type of images for detecting different vegetation types.
FALSE
115) Choosing the appropriate equivalence projection will result in a map with no distortion in its depiction of Earth features or areas.
FALSE
116) The maps in your physical geography textbook are an example of automated cartography and were produced using desktop computers.
TRUE
117) The Mercator projection is very close to maintaining equivalence in low latitudes.
TRUE
118) A globe is a better model of Earth as a whole than any map.
TRUE
119) Landsat images are unavailable for public use owing to their “top secret” classification by the U.S. government.
FALSE
120) On a Mercator projection, the North Pole would be represented by a line as long as the Equator.
TRUE
121) All map projections have the basic property of equivalence.
FALSE
122) The scale of a map can never be constant all over the entire map.
TRUE
123) On Mercator projection, Greenland’s size relative to the United States is greatly exaggerated.
TRUE
124) The original purpose of the Mercator projection was for navigation.
TRUE
125) “Equivalence” in map projections means having no scale changes over the entire map.
FALSE
126) The main useful trait of color infrared photography is its depiction of the states of vegetation.
TRUE
127) Maps are inherently inaccurate because of their attempt to depict the curved Earth on a flat surface.
TRUE
128) The one inch to the mile scale map is a small scale map.
FALSE
129) There are major discrepancies between the true shape of the Earth and that of a globe.
FALSE
130) Conformality and equivalence are, in general, mutually exclusive properties.
TRUE
131) Interrupted projections are neither conformal nor equidistant.
FALSE
132) Images from radar sensors can be acquired only during the daytime.
FALSE
133) A Mercator map shows loxodromes as straight lines.
TRUE
134) The Mercator projection should not be used to show tropical areas because they are greatly distorted in area on this projection.
FALSE
135) A major advantage in using oblique aerial photography is the easy measurement of Earth features.
FALSE
136) Microwave remote sensing is associated with wavelengths much shorter than those of visible light.
FALSE
137) Radar imagery is especially appropriate for terrain analysis.
TRUE
138) A map is usually much smaller than the part of the Earth’s surface it represents.
TRUE
139) A map which showed your classroom building as being 6 inches long on the map would be a large scale map.
TRUE
140) There is no possible way to avoid distortion on a map projection.
TRUE
141) The primary reason for use of a stereoscope is to magnify the photos under study.
FALSE
142) Satellites in the SPOT and Landsat series carry identical sensors.
FALSE
143) GPS was originally developed by the U.S. Department of Defense to guide missiles.
TRUE
144) The enhanced thematic mapper on the newer Landsat satellites is a great improvement because it increases the spectral range within each spectral band used.
FALSE
145) A map at large scale generally shows a large portion (continental size or larger) of Earth’s surface.
FALSE
146) It is important that all maps have their meridians parallel to each other as they extend east to west.
FALSE
147) Title, date, and legend are three of the five ________ .
Answer: map essentials
148) A(n) ________ scale is a type of map scale which makes use of a line marked off in graduated distances.
Answer: graphic
149) The representative fraction equivalent to the statement “one inch equals one mile” is ________.
Answer: 1:63,360
150) ________ is the measurement or acquisition of information by a recording device which is not in physical contact with the object under study.
Answer: Remote sensing
151) One is able to view overlapping vertical aerial photographs in “3 dimensions” using a device called a ________.
Answer: stereoscope
152) A ________ is another name for a loxodrome.
Answer: rhumb line
153) ________ micrometers is a wavelength of visible light (ANY of the wavelengths will do).
Answer: Any wavelength between .36 and .72 micrometers is acceptable.
154) ________ is the property of map projections which causes areas to be portrayed at the same relative sizes they are on the globe.
Answer: Equivalence
155) ________ is the Landsat spectral band used for identification of wetlands, organic soils, and water bodies.
Answer: The near infrared
156) The main problem with conformal projections is that ________.
Answer: areas must be distorted to show proper shapes
157) ________ is an active form of remote sensing based on sound.
Answer: Sonar
158) Explain how the use of multispectral scanning is an advantage over the use of a single band when identifying Earth features via remote sensing.
Diff: 3
159) Suppose a geographer was hired to help assess the health/vigor of the winter wheat crop (to be harvested in the late spring) in an agricultural county of a Great Plains state; the object would be to predict the winter wheat yield two months in advance. What sort of remote sensing techniques might be used and why?
Diff: 3
160) Explain how the global positioning system operates to locate your position within a few meters.
Diff: 3
161) Explain how the properties of conformality and equivalence always pose a dilemma to the mapmaker.
Diff: 3
162) A plane projection is obtained by projecting the markings of a center-lit globe onto a flat piece of paper.
TRUE
163) A Great Circle Route is always shown as a curved line on a map projection.
FALSE
164) On a conic projection, the circle of tangency becomes the principal parallel of the map.
TRUE
165) The Wide Area Augmentation System and the Continuously Operating GPS Reference Stations exist to increase the accuracy of GPS measurements.
TRUE
166) A(n)_____ is a recent development in cartography that readily allows computer manipulation of maps of Earth’s surface.
C) digital elevation model
