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NURS 322 > Chapter 2 - Pharmacology Principles > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Pharmacology Principles Flashcards

1
Q

What is a drug?

A

Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism

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2
Q

What is the chemical name?

A

single name given

Drug’s chemical composition/molecular structure

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3
Q

What is the generic name?

A

single name

ex. Ibuprofen

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4
Q

What is the trade name?

A

brand/propiertary name

ex. advil

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5
Q

How are drugs classified?

A

Structure and Therapeutic Use

Structure - Examples
Beta Blockers
Opioids
ACE Inhibitors
Steroids
Benzodiazapines
Therapeutic Use - Examples
Antibiotics
Sedatives
Analgesics
Anxiolytics
Laxatives
Anesthetics
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6
Q

What are some enteral routes of admission?

A

Oral - by mouth
Sublingual - under the tongue
Buccal - between the gum and the cheek
Rectal - by rectum

*Drug is delivered by GI tract - has systemic effect

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7
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

The study of what the drug does to the body

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8
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A 
The study of what the body does to the drug
ADME
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
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9
Q

What is the first pass effect?

A

Large proportion of a drug is chemically changed into inactive metabolites by the liver - smaller portion will be made bioavailable

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10
Q

What happens during absorption?

A

The first pass effect

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11
Q

What are examples of the parenteral route?

A 
Intravenous - into the vein (bypasses first pass effect - lower dose is needed)
Intramuscular - into the muscle
Subcutaneous - under skin
Intradermal - into skin
Intraaarterial - into artery
Intraathecal - into spinal cord
intraarticular - into joint
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12
Q

What are some examples of the topical route?

A 
Skin
Eyes
Ears
Nose
Lungs
Vagina
Rectum 
*Body surfaces - effects take place where medication is given
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13
Q

What is pharmaceutics?

A

the study of how various drug forms influence the way in which the drug affects the body
(same dose, same drug - can have different effects)

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14
Q

What is distribution?

A

Transport of drug by the bloodstream to its site of action

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15
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Biochemical alteration of a drug - altered into inactive/less active form of that drug

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16
Q

What is excretion?

A

Drug is eliminated from the body (Renal, Biliary, Bowel)

17
Q

What is half-life?

A

Time required for 50% of drug to be removed from the body (ex. 5 hour half life - in five hours half of the drug will be out of the body)

18
Q

What is the trough?

A

lowest concentration of drug in the bloodstream

19
Q

What is the peak?

A

highest concentration of drug in the bloodstream (if peak gets too high can become toxic)

20
Q

What is the onset of action?

A

How long after administration drug takes action

will be slower with oral compared to intravenous

21
Q

What is pharmacotherapeutics?

A

What drugs do to correct diseases

ex. what does medication do to lower blood pressure - what cellular processes it is affecting

22
Q

The more meds being taken the greater the chance for drug interactions T or F?

A

True

23
Q

What is an additive effect?

A

1 + 1 = 2
ex. can take ibuprofen and acetaminophen together (twice as much pain relief)
Can combine meds and take lower dose

24
Q

What is a synergistic effect?

A

1 + 1 => 2

combined effects are greater than the single effect of each drug given

25
Q

What is an antagonistic effect?

A

1 + 1 < 2
Combined effects are less than the effects of a single drug
Sometimes used to block side effect of one drug

26
Q

What is pharmacognosy?

A

The study of natural drug sources

27
Q

What is pharmacoeconomics?

A

The study of the economic factors influencing the cost of drug therapy
*Best outcome in most cost effective way

28
Q

What is toxicology?

A

The science of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms
Care of poisoned patients - consumed too much med
goal is to prevent absorption and hasten elimination

29
Q

What is high therapeutic index?

A
  • Safer - lots of wiggle room for dosing

- Less chance for adverse effects

30
Q

What is a low therapeutic index?

A
  • Smaller window in which drug levels are safe
  • Greater likelihood for adverse reactions
  • Drug level should be monitored
31
Q

What is tolerance?

A

Decreasing response to repeated drug doses

32
Q

What is dependance?

A

Physiologic or psychological need for a drug

NURS 322 (4 decks)

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