Chapter 2 - Pharmacology Principles Flashcards
What is a drug?
Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism
What is the chemical name?
single name given
Drug’s chemical composition/molecular structure
What is the generic name?
single name
ex. Ibuprofen
What is the trade name?
brand/propiertary name
ex. advil
How are drugs classified?
Structure and Therapeutic Use
Structure - Examples Beta Blockers Opioids ACE Inhibitors Steroids Benzodiazapines
Therapeutic Use - Examples Antibiotics Sedatives Analgesics Anxiolytics Laxatives Anesthetics
What are some enteral routes of admission?
Oral - by mouth
Sublingual - under the tongue
Buccal - between the gum and the cheek
Rectal - by rectum
*Drug is delivered by GI tract - has systemic effect
What is pharmacodynamics?
The study of what the drug does to the body
What is pharmacokinetics?
The study of what the body does to the drug ADME Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion
What is the first pass effect?
Large proportion of a drug is chemically changed into inactive metabolites by the liver - smaller portion will be made bioavailable
What happens during absorption?
The first pass effect
What are examples of the parenteral route?
Intravenous - into the vein (bypasses first pass effect - lower dose is needed) Intramuscular - into the muscle Subcutaneous - under skin Intradermal - into skin Intraaarterial - into artery Intraathecal - into spinal cord intraarticular - into joint
What are some examples of the topical route?
Skin Eyes Ears Nose Lungs Vagina Rectum *Body surfaces - effects take place where medication is given
What is pharmaceutics?
the study of how various drug forms influence the way in which the drug affects the body
(same dose, same drug - can have different effects)
What is distribution?
Transport of drug by the bloodstream to its site of action
What is metabolism?
Biochemical alteration of a drug - altered into inactive/less active form of that drug
What is excretion?
Drug is eliminated from the body (Renal, Biliary, Bowel)
What is half-life?
Time required for 50% of drug to be removed from the body (ex. 5 hour half life - in five hours half of the drug will be out of the body)
What is the trough?
lowest concentration of drug in the bloodstream
What is the peak?
highest concentration of drug in the bloodstream (if peak gets too high can become toxic)
What is the onset of action?
How long after administration drug takes action
will be slower with oral compared to intravenous
What is pharmacotherapeutics?
What drugs do to correct diseases
ex. what does medication do to lower blood pressure - what cellular processes it is affecting
The more meds being taken the greater the chance for drug interactions T or F?
True
What is an additive effect?
1 + 1 = 2
ex. can take ibuprofen and acetaminophen together (twice as much pain relief)
Can combine meds and take lower dose
What is a synergistic effect?
1 + 1 => 2
combined effects are greater than the single effect of each drug given
What is an antagonistic effect?
1 + 1 < 2
Combined effects are less than the effects of a single drug
Sometimes used to block side effect of one drug
What is pharmacognosy?
The study of natural drug sources
What is pharmacoeconomics?
The study of the economic factors influencing the cost of drug therapy
*Best outcome in most cost effective way
What is toxicology?
The science of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms
Care of poisoned patients - consumed too much med
goal is to prevent absorption and hasten elimination
What is high therapeutic index?
- Safer - lots of wiggle room for dosing
- Less chance for adverse effects
What is a low therapeutic index?
- Smaller window in which drug levels are safe
- Greater likelihood for adverse reactions
- Drug level should be monitored
What is tolerance?
Decreasing response to repeated drug doses
What is dependance?
Physiologic or psychological need for a drug
