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Chapter 2: Pharmacological Principles Flashcards

1
Q

Drug

A

Any chemical that affects physiological processes of an organism.

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2
Q

Pharmacology

A

Broadest term for study or science of drugs

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3
Q

chemical name

A

describes drugs chemical composition and molecular structure

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4
Q

Generic name

A

Nonproprietary, offical name.
- Name given to a drug approved by health canada

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5
Q

Trade name

A

Proprieatary name.
- Drug has registered trademark; use of the name is restricted by drug’s patent owner

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6
Q

How can drugs be classified?

A
  • similar properties
  • structure
  • therapeutic use
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7
Q

What are the 8 pharmacological principles?

A
  • Phamaceutics
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Pharmacodynamics
  • Pharmacogenomics
  • Pharmacotherapeutics
  • Pharmacognosy
  • Pharmacoeconomics
  • Toxicology
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8
Q

Pharmaceutics

A

study of how various drug forms affect the body

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9
Q

what forms can a medication come in?

A

Solid (tablet, capsule. powder) or liquid (Solution/suspension)

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10
Q

What is Dissolution?

A

Dissolving of solid dosage forms of meds and their absorbptions.

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11
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

The study of what occurs when a drug enters the body up until the parent drug and metabolites leave (Onset - Peak effect - Duration)

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12
Q

What are the 4 focuses of pharmacokinetics?

A

ADME - Absorption, Distribution. Metabolism, and Excretion

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13
Q

What is bioavailability

A

fraction or percentage of the administered dose of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation (i.e., the bloodstream)

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14
Q

What is the first pass effect?

A

When a drug undergoes significant metabolism in the liver before entering systemic circulation. Occurs after drug admin, and before it reaches its target tissues.

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15
Q

What is the enteral route?

A

Drug absorbed into systemic circulation through mucosa of stomach, LI, or SI.

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16
Q

DIsadvantage of Enteral route?

A

Orally admin’ed meds have to bypass the liver where the first pass effect occurs before entering into systemic circulation.

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17
Q

What are the 4 enteral routes?

A
  1. Oral
  2. SL
  3. Bucc
  4. Rectal
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18
Q

What is the parenteral route?

A

Drugs given intravenously (fastest delivery into circulation)
- IV drugs are absorbed quicker than injections or Subcut.

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19
Q

What are the 7 types of parenteral routes?

A
  1. IV
  2. IM
  3. Subcut
  4. ID
  5. Intra-arterial
  6. Inrathecal
  7. Intra-articular
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20
Q

Describe absorbption in pharmacokinetics

A

Medication going from location of administration to the bloodstream

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21
Q

What is the med route with the slowest absorption time?

A

oral

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22
Q

What is the med route with the most rapid absorption time?

A

IV

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23
Q

What os the med route that’s speed is determined by perfusion at injection site?

A

SUBQ & IM (Increased perfusion = Increase rate of abrosption)

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24
Q

What are the forms of the topical route?

A
  • Skin
  • Eyes
  • Ears
  • Nose
  • Lungs
  • Rectum
  • Vagina
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25
Describe distribution in pharmacokinetics
the transport of a drug by the bloodstream to the drug's site of action
26
What are the 1st places with extensive blood supply that receive the drugs first?
- Heart - Liver - Kidneys - Brain
27
What are the ares of slower distribution that receive drugs slower?
- muscle - skin - fat
28
What is metabolism/biotransformation?
The biochemical alterations of a drug (breakdown) into - an inactive metabolite - A more soluble compound - more potent metabolite - less active metabolite
29
What is the liver most responsible for?
Metabolism
30
What are P450 enzymes?
Enzymes used in hepatic metabolism that target lipid soluble drugs that are hard to eliminate
31
Why are lipid soluble drugs hard to eliminate?
Because they like to hang around in fatty tissues. Since the body stores fat, the drugs can get stuck in them.
32
What are substrates?
part/molecule of a drug that the enzymes target
33
what are enzyme inhibitors?
drugs that can inhibit drug-metabolizing enzymes. - decrease in drug-metabolism = increased risk of drug toxicity
34
what are enzyme inducers?
Drugs that stimulate drug metabolism - these can decrease the FX of the drug (breakdown occurs too fast for FX to kick in)
35
What is excretion in pharmacokinetics?
Elimination of drugs from the body via kidneys (Renal excretion - most common) or Billiary excretion via intestines (less common) - most of the drug metabolized in liver making it less-active prior to excretion.
36
What happens to drug excretion when the kidney fails?
Decreased waste = increased toxic levels
37
What is half-life?
the time required for drug levels to be reduced by 1/2
38
Shorter half life vs Longer half life?
Shorter = decreased toxicity and faster acting Longer = high risk for toxicity and slower acting
39
What is steady state?
when the amount of drug of drug removed = the amount of drug absorbed with each dose. (When drug concentration is relatively constant)
40
What do drug actions describe?
Processes involved in interaction between a drug and a cell
41
What terms describe drug actions and drug concentrations?
peak, duration, and trough
42
What is the onset of action of a drug?
the time required for a drug to create a therapeutic effect
43
what is the peak effect of a drug?
the time required for a drug to reach max therapeutic response
44
what is the duration of action of a drug?
the length of time the concentration of a drug is sufficient to elicit a response
45
Peak level - what is it & what occurs when it is too high
Highest blood-drug level - when too high, increased risk of toxicity (can be mild or severe)
46
Trough level - What is it & what occurs when it is too low?
Lowest blood-drug level - When too low, no response is elicited
47
What is therapeutic drug monitoring>?
thing that is used to monitor the peak/trough, therapeutic effects, and to minimize drug toxicity
48
What is pharmacodynamics?
What the drug does to the body
49
What is the goal of pharmacodynamics?
To produce a therapeutic effect
50
what is a therapeutic effect?
a positive effect on disturbed physiological processes through a mechanism of action
51
what is a MOA (mechanism of action)
the way that a drug makes an effect on the body
52
what are the 3 MOA's?
1. bind to receptor 2. interact w/ enzymes 3. nonselective interactions
53
describe the MOA of binding to receptors and agonist vs antagonist
- different receptors = different effects (agonist/antagonist) - Agonist: increases effect of drug - Antagonist: stops an effect from happening
54
Describe the MOA of enzyme interactions
- drug binds to enzyme then inhibits/enhances that enzymes interaction with the body through a process called selective interaction
55
Describe the MOA of nonselective interactions
MOA that targets cell membranes and cell process (ex. metabolic activities) - usually disrupts them
56
What is pharmacotherapeutics?
the clinical use of drugs to prevent/treat an illness
57
what are the 6 types of pharmacotherapeutics?
1. Acute therapy 2. Maintenance therapy 3. supplemental therapy 4. palliative therapy 5. Prophylactic therapy 6. Empirical therapy
58
what is a therapeutic index?
the ratio of a drugs therapeutic effects to its toxic level. (low therapeutic index = increased chance of causing an adverse rxn)
59
how can drug concentration be found?
through blood or urine specimens
60
what factors if a pt.'s condition affects pharmacotherapeutics?
- weight - critical illness - special population - concurrent illness - pt.'s rxn
61
what is drug tolerance?
decreased response to drug from repeated drug doses
62
drug dependence
physiological/psychological need for a drug
63
physical drug dependence
phsyiological need for a drug to avoid withdrawal physical symptoms
64
psychological drug depedence
obsessive desire for drug
65
What are the 4 drug interactions
- additive - synergistic - antagonistic - incompatible
66
when can med errors occur?
- prescribing - dispensing - administering - monitoring
67
teratogenic drug effect
fetal defects
68
mutagenic drug effect
permanent changes to genes (radiation)
69
carcinogenic drug effect
cancer causing
70
what is pharmacognosy?
process of identifying medicial plants and their ingredients, pharmacological FX, and therapeutic effficacy
71
4 main sources of drugs
1. plants 2. animals 3. minerals 4. lab synthesis
72
what is pharmacoeconomics
study of economic factors influencing cost of drug therapy
73
what is toxicology
science of poisons and unwanted responses to drugs and chemicals - clinical toxicology deals with care of poisoned pt.'s
74
What is pharmacogenetics?
study of genetic basis for variations in body's response to drugs with focus on variation related to single gene
75

Pharmacology NURS251 (2 decks)

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