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Pharmacology NURS251 > Chapter 2: Pharmacological Principles > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Pharmacological Principles Flashcards

1
Q

Drug

A

Any chemical that affects physiological processes of an organism.

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2
Q

Pharmacology

A

Broadest term for study or science of drugs

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3
Q

chemical name

A

describes drugs chemical composition and molecular structure

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4
Q

Generic name

A

Nonproprietary, offical name.
- Name given to a drug approved by health canada

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5
Q

Trade name

A

Proprieatary name.
- Drug has registered trademark; use of the name is restricted by drug’s patent owner

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6
Q

How can drugs be classified?

A
  • similar properties
  • structure
  • therapeutic use
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7
Q

What are the 8 pharmacological principles?

A
  • Phamaceutics
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Pharmacodynamics
  • Pharmacogenomics
  • Pharmacotherapeutics
  • Pharmacognosy
  • Pharmacoeconomics
  • Toxicology
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8
Q

Pharmaceutics

A

study of how various drug forms affect the body

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9
Q

what forms can a medication come in?

A

Solid (tablet, capsule. powder) or liquid (Solution/suspension)

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10
Q

What is Dissolution?

A

Dissolving of solid dosage forms of meds and their absorbptions.

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11
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

The study of what occurs when a drug enters the body up until the parent drug and metabolites leave (Onset - Peak effect - Duration)

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12
Q

What are the 4 focuses of pharmacokinetics?

A

ADME - Absorption, Distribution. Metabolism, and Excretion

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13
Q

What is bioavailability

A

fraction or percentage of the administered dose of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation (i.e., the bloodstream)

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14
Q

What is the first pass effect?

A

When a drug undergoes significant metabolism in the liver before entering systemic circulation. Occurs after drug admin, and before it reaches its target tissues.

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15
Q

What is the enteral route?

A

Drug absorbed into systemic circulation through mucosa of stomach, LI, or SI.

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16
Q

DIsadvantage of Enteral route?

A

Orally admin’ed meds have to bypass the liver where the first pass effect occurs before entering into systemic circulation.

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17
Q

What are the 4 enteral routes?

A
  1. Oral
  2. SL
  3. Bucc
  4. Rectal
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18
Q

What is the parenteral route?

A

Drugs given intravenously (fastest delivery into circulation)
- IV drugs are absorbed quicker than injections or Subcut.

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19
Q

What are the 7 types of parenteral routes?

A
  1. IV
  2. IM
  3. Subcut
  4. ID
  5. Intra-arterial
  6. Inrathecal
  7. Intra-articular
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20
Q

Describe absorbption in pharmacokinetics

A

Medication going from location of administration to the bloodstream

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21
Q

What is the med route with the slowest absorption time?

A

oral

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22
Q

What is the med route with the most rapid absorption time?

A

IV

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23
Q

What os the med route that’s speed is determined by perfusion at injection site?

A

SUBQ & IM (Increased perfusion = Increase rate of abrosption)

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24
Q

What are the forms of the topical route?

A
  • Skin
  • Eyes
  • Ears
  • Nose
  • Lungs
  • Rectum
  • Vagina
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25
Q

Describe distribution in pharmacokinetics

A

the transport of a drug by the bloodstream to the drug’s site of action

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26
Q

What are the 1st places with extensive blood supply that receive the drugs first?

A
  • Heart
  • Liver
  • Kidneys
  • Brain
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27
Q

What are the ares of slower distribution that receive drugs slower?

A
  • muscle
  • skin
  • fat
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28
Q

What is metabolism/biotransformation?

A

The biochemical alterations of a drug (breakdown) into
- an inactive metabolite
- A more soluble compound
- more potent metabolite
- less active metabolite

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29
Q

What is the liver most responsible for?

A

Metabolism

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30
Q

What are P450 enzymes?

A

Enzymes used in hepatic metabolism that target lipid soluble drugs that are hard to eliminate

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31
Q

Why are lipid soluble drugs hard to eliminate?

A

Because they like to hang around in fatty tissues. Since the body stores fat, the drugs can get stuck in them.

32
Q

What are substrates?

A

part/molecule of a drug that the enzymes target

33
Q

what are enzyme inhibitors?

A

drugs that can inhibit drug-metabolizing enzymes.
- decrease in drug-metabolism = increased risk of drug toxicity

34
Q

what are enzyme inducers?

A

Drugs that stimulate drug metabolism
- these can decrease the FX of the drug (breakdown occurs too fast for FX to kick in)

35
Q

What is excretion in pharmacokinetics?

A

Elimination of drugs from the body via kidneys (Renal excretion - most common)
or
Billiary excretion via intestines (less common)
- most of the drug metabolized in liver making it less-active prior to excretion.

36
Q

What happens to drug excretion when the kidney fails?

A

Decreased waste = increased toxic levels

37
Q

What is half-life?

A

the time required for drug levels to be reduced by 1/2

38
Q

Shorter half life vs Longer half life?

A

Shorter = decreased toxicity and faster acting
Longer = high risk for toxicity and slower acting

39
Q

What is steady state?

A

when the amount of drug of drug removed = the amount of drug absorbed with each dose. (When drug concentration is relatively constant)

40
Q

What do drug actions describe?

A

Processes involved in interaction between a drug and a cell

41
Q

What terms describe drug actions and drug concentrations?

A

peak, duration, and trough

42
Q

What is the onset of action of a drug?

A

the time required for a drug to create a therapeutic effect

43
Q

what is the peak effect of a drug?

A

the time required for a drug to reach max therapeutic response

44
Q

what is the duration of action of a drug?

A

the length of time the concentration of a drug is sufficient to elicit a response

45
Q

Peak level - what is it & what occurs when it is too high

A

Highest blood-drug level
- when too high, increased risk of toxicity (can be mild or severe)

46
Q

Trough level - What is it & what occurs when it is too low?

A

Lowest blood-drug level
- When too low, no response is elicited

47
Q

What is therapeutic drug monitoring>?

A

thing that is used to monitor the peak/trough, therapeutic effects, and to minimize drug toxicity

48
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

What the drug does to the body

49
Q

What is the goal of pharmacodynamics?

A

To produce a therapeutic effect

50
Q

what is a therapeutic effect?

A

a positive effect on disturbed physiological processes through a mechanism of action

51
Q

what is a MOA (mechanism of action)

A

the way that a drug makes an effect on the body

52
Q

what are the 3 MOA’s?

A
  1. bind to receptor
  2. interact w/ enzymes
  3. nonselective interactions
53
Q

describe the MOA of binding to receptors and agonist vs antagonist

A
  • different receptors = different effects (agonist/antagonist)
  • Agonist: increases effect of drug
  • Antagonist: stops an effect from happening
54
Q

Describe the MOA of enzyme interactions

A
  • drug binds to enzyme then inhibits/enhances that enzymes interaction with the body through a process called selective interaction
55
Q

Describe the MOA of nonselective interactions

A

MOA that targets cell membranes and cell process (ex. metabolic activities) - usually disrupts them

56
Q

What is pharmacotherapeutics?

A

the clinical use of drugs to prevent/treat an illness

57
Q

what are the 6 types of pharmacotherapeutics?

A
  1. Acute therapy
  2. Maintenance therapy
  3. supplemental therapy
  4. palliative therapy
  5. Prophylactic therapy
  6. Empirical therapy
58
Q

what is a therapeutic index?

A

the ratio of a drugs therapeutic effects to its toxic level. (low therapeutic index = increased chance of causing an adverse rxn)

59
Q

how can drug concentration be found?

A

through blood or urine specimens

60
Q

what factors if a pt.’s condition affects pharmacotherapeutics?

A
  • weight
  • critical illness
  • special population
  • concurrent illness
  • pt.’s rxn
61
Q

what is drug tolerance?

A

decreased response to drug from repeated drug doses

62
Q

drug dependence

A

physiological/psychological need for a drug

63
Q

physical drug dependence

A

phsyiological need for a drug to avoid withdrawal physical symptoms

64
Q

psychological drug depedence

A

obsessive desire for drug

65
Q

What are the 4 drug interactions

A
  • additive
  • synergistic
  • antagonistic
  • incompatible
66
Q

when can med errors occur?

A
  • prescribing
  • dispensing
  • administering
  • monitoring
67
Q

teratogenic drug effect

A

fetal defects

68
Q

mutagenic drug effect

A

permanent changes to genes (radiation)

69
Q

carcinogenic drug effect

A

cancer causing

70
Q

what is pharmacognosy?

A

process of identifying medicial plants and their ingredients, pharmacological FX, and therapeutic effficacy

71
Q

4 main sources of drugs

A
  1. plants
  2. animals
  3. minerals
  4. lab synthesis
72
Q

what is pharmacoeconomics

A

study of economic factors influencing cost of drug therapy

73
Q

what is toxicology

A

science of poisons and unwanted responses to drugs and chemicals
- clinical toxicology deals with care of poisoned pt.’s

74
Q

What is pharmacogenetics?

A

study of genetic basis for variations in body’s response to drugs with focus on variation related to single gene

75
Q
A

Pharmacology NURS251 (2 decks)

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