Chapter 2 - Pharma Principles Flashcards
Define Drug
Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism
Pharmacology
Study or science of drugs
Pharmaceutics
The study of how various drug forms influence the way in which in which the drug effect the body
Dissolution-Dissolving of solid dosage forms and their absorption
Pharmaceutic Phase
Dissolves solid tablets and capsules into liquid form
Pharmacokenetics
The study of what the body does to the drug once it enters the body until it exits it
- Absorption
- Distribution
- Metabolism
- Excretion
Define Comorbidity
The Disease that a patient has that may change the way their body metabolizes a drug
What happens to drug particles within the gastrointestinal tract?
Moves into body fluids into the bloodstream for distribution to tissues
What are factors that influence rate of absorption?
Route of administration; solubility of drug
3 Ways in which drug movement occurs:
1) Enteral (GI Tract)
2) Parental
3) Topical
Low levels of Albumin can cause:
Peripheral Edema
Normal Albumin Level
3.5-5.0
What is the cause for low albumin?
Deficient protein
What does albumin do in the body?
Maintains integrity of the vascular system.
the most common blood protein and carries the majority of protein-bound drug molecules.
What is the first-pass effect of absorption?
Drug absorbed by small intestine; liver first
Metabolizes drug; remaining a drug not sufficient to produce therapeutic effect
Patient needs higher dosage for desired effect
Enteral Route
The drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation through the oral or gastric mucosa or the small intestine.
Oral
Sublingual
Buccal
Rectal (can also be topical)
Parenteral Route
Intravenous (fastest delivery into the blood circulation) Intramuscular Subcutaneous Intradermal Intraarterial Intrathecal Intraarticular
Topical Route
Skin (including transdermal patches) Eyes Ears Nose Lungs (inhalation)drugs Rectum Vagina
Distribution in Pharmcokinetics
Transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action.
The medication must be able to pass through tissues and membranes to reach the target area.
The medications ability to bind with a protein affects how much medication will leave and travel to target tissues.
Metabolism in Pharmocokinetics
Also called, biotransformation
Biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more soluble compound, a more potent active metabolite (as in the conversion of an inactive prodrug to its active form), or a less active metabolite.
Where does drug metabolism occur in the body?
Kidneys, Lungs, Intestines, and Blood.
Cytochrome p-450
Enzymes (microsomal enzymes)
Lipophilic
Fate loving
Hyrdrophilic
Water loving
Enzymes
These pathways via enzymes explain how different people respond to the drugs differently
What is excretion?
Elimination of drugs from the body
What is renal excretion?
through glomerular filtration. Some kidney reabsorption can occur
Biliary Excretion
First taken up by the liver/ released into bile. Eliminated by feces.
Define Half-Life
time required for half (50%) of a given drug to be removed from the body.
Define Steady State
refers to the physiological state in which the right amount of the drug that is eliminated equals the same amount absorbed
Peak Level
highest blood level
Trough Level
Lowest blood level
What plays an important part in determining peak level and trough level?
The length of time until the onset and peak of action and the duration of action
What happens if the peak level is too high?
Drug toxicity may occur
Pharmacodynamics
The study of what the drug does to the body
Drug actions in living tissues
Therapeutic Effect
A positive effect in the physiology system
Mechanism of Action
It can increase or decrease the tissue function.
Agonist
Drug attaches to the receptor site. similiar to the body’s own chemicals.
Antagonist
Drug attaches to the receptor site. No chemical response is produced.
Partial Agonist
Only a slight chemical reaction occurs.
What are enzymes?
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