Chapter 2: Perception

Question 1

Schemas & Template matching

Answer 1

It is a system that recalls information from earlier experiences to understand a new stimulus. This stored representation is a template, in which patterns of the stimulus have to be similar with a stored represantation of that object to recognize it.

Question 2

Gestalt approach

Answer 2

Rules of perception: proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, orientation, and simplicity (Pragnaz Rule: we interpetate stimuls in the simplest and best structure). Whole is more than the parts.

Question 3

Feature-extraction theory

Answer 3

It is a variation of template theory. (Instead of templates) it divides an object in characteristics. But it is difficult to find out how the different characteristics can be used to recognize objects (needs to be merged back into a whole).

Question 4

Marr’s Computational Theory

Answer 4

1

Question 5

Biederman’s recognition - components approach

Answer 5

System of 26 geons (shapes) that can be used to build objects. If we can identify the geons we can identify the objects. The problem is that descriminating between geons is difficult, and that, changes in objects are hard to perceive using this model.

Question 6

Parallel distributing processes (PDP)

Answer 6

An object is represented by a pattern of activity by many cells in a network (if an object does not conform with the template).

Question 7

Visual Illusions

Answer 7

Pure bottome-up processes only need the information of the incaming sensory information, whereas top-down processes use information that does not come from sensory input. The use of top-down processes, besides helping with coding, also helps us with interprting the incoming sensory. Sensation is seen as the raw bottom-up input of our senses. Perception es seen as the subjective experiencing of those sensations.

Question 8

The contructivist approach

Perception for recognition

Answer 8

It is necessary for us to be construct our perception based on what we see in an array of incomplete sensory information. We use what we already know to fill the gasps and interpret the input.

Question 9

Structure of the visual system

Answer 9

PArvocellular & Magnocellular cells from retina –> visual cortex —x2—> a. ventral, b. dorsal path.

Ventral:
Recognizing and identifying visual input
Better with details
It uses long-stored information for object recognition
It is object-oriented

Dorsal:
Provides information for the processing of visually controlled actions like pointing and gasping.
Better with the movement
It uses short-term stored information
Is view-oriented

Question 10

The Gibsonian view of perception

Perception for recognition

Answer 10

How perception works? Perception had to be viewed as the thing that allows us to be connected with the world. He denies constructivistic approach.