chapter 2 part2 Flashcards
Most cyclones, ……………., are generated in the MB itself
87%
Most cyclones, 87%, are generated in the MB itself. This cyclogenesis is found to form under the influence of
a pre-existing cyclonic system, defined as a “parent cyclone”
The scenarios described below concentrate on the
location of the genesis in the MB with respect to the location of the “parent cyclone”, being either in Europe, North Africa or the MB itself.
Parent cyclone (scenarios)
(61% of the cyclones generating in the MB formed as daughter cyclones)
- (51%) Parent: Eastern Europe
- (25.5%) Parent: Atlantic Cyclones
- (23.5%) Parent: central europe (north of the region of the mediterranean cyclogenesis)
Most (61%) of the cyclones generating in the MB are formed as
“daughter cyclones”
Most (61%) of the cyclones generating in the MB are formed as “daughter cyclones” by the influence of
European “parent cyclones”
Most (61%) of the cyclones generating in the MB are formed as “daughter cyclones” by the influence of European “parent cyclones”. The cyclogenesis occurred in
the lee of the main mountain ridges, i.e., the Alps, the Balkans or the Taurus.
Three scenarios are identified. In the first scenario (51% of the cases related to European cyclones), the parent cyclones are located over
Eastern Europe
Three scenarios are identified. In the first scenario (51% of the cases related to European cyclones), the parent cyclones are located over Eastern Europe and the resulting cyclogenesis took place over
the Aegean Sea and or the lee of the Taurus Mountains.
the parent cyclones are located over Eastern Europe and the resulting cyclogenesis took place over the Aegean Sea and or the lee of the Taurus Mountains.
All of these cyclones reached the
eastern part of the MB and then moved further to the east or turned north, at southeast Turkey, toward the Black Sea
All of these cyclones reached the eastern part of the MB and then moved further to the east or turned north, at southeast Turkey, toward the Black Sea (Fig. 3.a). In some cases the “daughter” Mediterranean cyclone, when reaching the Black Sea, generated
another cyclone in the eastern Mediterranean that can be referred as a “granddaughter cyclone”.
In the second scenario (25.5%), the cyclones are generated over the
western part of the MB
In the second scenario (25.5%), the cyclones are generated over the western part of the MB, mostly in the
Gulf of Genoa or the lee of the Pyrenees
In the second scenario (25.5%), the cyclones are generated over the western part of the MB, mostly in the Gulf of Genoa or the lee of the Pyrenees, under the influence of
Atlantic cyclones, which became European cyclones
In the second scenario (25.5%), the cyclones are generated over the western part of the MB, mostly in the Gulf of Genoa or the lee of the Pyrenees, under the influence of Atlantic cyclones, which became European cyclones (Fig. 3.b). These cyclones moved
eastward and when reaching Italy or the Aegean Sea turned northward and merged with the European cyclone track. Only 10% of those cyclones reached the eastern MB.
In the third scenario (23.5%), the cyclones are generated at the
central MB, mostly south of the Italian Alps.
In the third scenario (23.5%), the cyclones are generated at the central MB, mostly south of the Italian Alps. The “parent” cyclones are located over
central Europe, almost precisely north of the region of the Mediterranean cyclogenesis (Fig. 3.c). 10.7% of those cyclones reached the eastern MB.
To conclude, the location of the “parent” cyclone with respect to the MB, determines the
location of the cyclogenesis, and the tracks of the “daughter” cyclone.
To conclude, the location of the “parent” cyclone with respect to the MB, determines the location of the cyclogenesis, and the tracks of the “daughter” cyclone. Generally, for parent cyclones located over Western Europe, the cyclogenesis took place
southeast of it.
For central Europe, it took place to the
south
for Eastern Europe the cyclogenesis took place to the
southwest
After their formation, the “daughter” cyclones move
mostly eastward;
some of them reach the Eastern MB,
some of them dissipate in the central MB and
the rest merge with the European cyclone track.
The further the cyclogenesis is from the Eastern MB, the
smaller is the chance of the “daughter” cyclone reaching that region
The MB is frequently found to be dominated by
an easterly flow associated with a north-south pressure gradient.
The MB is frequently found to be dominated by an easterly flow associated with a north-south pressure gradient. Under these circumstances troughs extended from
Africa
Under these circumstances troughs extended from Africa, within which cyclones develop over the
southern coasts of the Mediterranean
Under these circumstances troughs extended from Africa, within which cyclones develop over the southern coasts of the Mediterranean. Such a development, which can be considered as
reflecting transformation of tropical disturbances to extratropical cyclones
Such a development, which can be considered as reflecting transformation of tropical disturbances to extratropical cyclones, is observed in the
western, central and eastern parts of the MB
Such a development, which can be considered as reflecting transformation of tropical disturbances to extratropical cyclones, is observed in the western, central and eastern parts of the MB. This scenario is responsible for
34.5% of the cyclones generated in the MB
The first (……..% of the cases) is the
68.5
eastern part of the MB
The first (68.5% of the cases) is the eastern part of the MB. An example of such a development is the so-called
Red Sea trough
The first (68.5% of the cases) is the eastern part of the MB. An example of such a development is the so-called Red Sea trough, within which a cyclone is formed near
Cyprus
The first (68.5% of the cases) is the eastern part of the MB. An example of such a development is the so-called Red Sea trough, within which a cyclone is formed near Cyprus (Fig. 4.a). These cyclones move
eastward toward the eastern coast of the Mediterranean or turn northward, down to the Black Sea
The second (…………% of the cases) is the
31.5
western and the central parts of the MB, Sardinia, Sicily and north Libya
The second (31.5% of the cases) is the western and the central parts of the MB, Sardinia, Sicily and north Libya. In most cases, these cyclones move
eastward along the southern coasts of the Mediterranean, and reached its eastern coast
The second (31.5% of the cases) is the western and the central parts of the MB, Sardinia, Sicily and north Libya. In most cases, these cyclones move eastward along the southern coasts of the Mediterranean, and reached its eastern coast (Fig. 4.b). The trough within which these cyclones were formed in the western part of the Mediterranean was oriented mostly
southwest-northeast
In most cases, these cyclones move eastward along the southern coasts of the Mediterranean, and reached its eastern coast (Fig. 4.b). The trough within which these cyclones were formed in the western part of the Mediterranean was oriented mostly southwest-northeast (Fig. 4.b), but for those which developed in the eastern MB the orientation of the trough is
south-north
Several cyclones are found to be generated by a “parent cyclone” which is itself a Mediterranean cyclone (Fig. 5). This scenario includes only
4.5% of the cyclones generated in the MB
Several cyclones are found to be generated by a “parent cyclone” which is itself a Mediterranean cyclone (Fig. 5). This scenario includes only 4.5% of the cyclones generated in the MB. It occurs when a
Mediterranean cyclone reaches the eastern part of the MB
This scenario includes only 4.5% of the cyclones generated in the MB. It occurs when a Mediterranean cyclone reaches the eastern part of the MB and develops a
a trough to its west, toward the central part of the Mediterranean
This scenario includes only 4.5% of the cyclones generated in the MB. It occurs when a Mediterranean cyclone reaches the eastern part of the MB and develops a trough to its west, toward the central part of the Mediterranean. In this trough, a………………… develops
“daughter cyclone”
It occurs when a Mediterranean cyclone reaches the eastern part of the MB and develops a trough to its west, toward the central part of the Mediterranean. In this trough, a “daughter cyclone” develops, mostly next to the
Italian peninsula
It occurs when a Mediterranean cyclone reaches the eastern part of the MB and develops a trough to its west, toward the central part of the Mediterranean. In this trough, a “daughter cyclone” develops, mostly next to the Italian peninsula. The “daughter cyclone” tends to move
eastward either to the eastern MB or northward reaching the coast of southern Turkey
Mediterranean migrating cyclones are associated with
cold upper troughs
Mediterranean migrating cyclones are associated with cold upper troughs. The existence of an upper-level trough implies the
intrusion of cold air from high latitudes
Mediterranean migrating cyclones are associated with cold upper troughs. The existence of an upper-level trough implies the intrusion of cold air from high latitudes leading to
instability and cyclogenesis over the Mediterranean
Mediterranean migrating cyclones are associated with cold upper troughs. The existence of an upper-level trough implies the intrusion of cold air from high latitudes leading to instability and cyclogenesis over the Mediterranean. An upper-level trough is present in both
moderate and extreme rainfall, but the trough is narrower and deeper in the extreme precipitation events, in all seasons.
An upper-level trough is present in both moderate and extreme rainfall, but the trough is narrower and deeper in the extreme precipitation events, in all seasons.
For example:
Cyprus low develops when an upper-level trough enters EM bringing cold air from eastern Europe over the warmer Mediterranean. The cold air invasion is associated with advection of positive vorticity in the upper levels, with a presence of upper-level ridge over western Europe.
