Chapter 2, Origins Of Criminal Behaviour developmental risk, and protective factors Flashcards
Many criminology theories propose that…
the roots of criminal behaviour appear during childhood or early adolescence
each person follows something called
Developmental pathways, meaning changes that people follow that lead to antisocial behavior, a.k.a. the journey of personal development
Risk factors
experiences that place children at risk of antisocial or criminal activity
protective factors
Experiences that can protect children from serious antisocial behaviour example, caring parents or high-quality education
psychological and behavioural risk factors which lead to criminal behaviour
aspects of an individuals, mental and emotional well-being that may contribute to crime
parental and family risk factors which lead to criminal behaviour
Conditions within a family environment that may increase likelihood to crime in children
social, environmental risk factors which lead to criminal behaviour
Social environment meaning aspects of things around you
neural biological and prenatal risk factors which lead to criminal behaviour
Influences of health and development that can affect functions to the brain which can increase likelihood, leading to crime
cumulative risk model CR model
exposure to multiple risk factors is most likely to increase the chances that a child adolescent or adult develops antisocial behaviour
Psychological/behavioral protective factors
sense of meaning and purpose, healthy levels of self esteem
Family protective factors
Close, family relationships, love, warmth, supportive, parenting
environmental protective factors
Close relationships with teachers adults and mentors, safe school, clean environment
Neurobiological and prenatal protective factors
healthy nutrition, especially during infancy, Brain plasticity (able to adapt, and change throughout life)
Developmental, cascade model
similar but slightly more complicated, assumes that development in one domain will shape develop in other domains a.k.a. one problem leads to another
Cascade effect
focusses on the development and enhancement of protective factors while it recognizes, there might be an accumulation of risk factors in an individuals life
resilience ( successful coping with or overcoming risk and adversity”
three conditions must be met before a child can be called resilient
- Significant threats, Individual must have been exposed to significant threats, or a single event example death of a parent or sibling
- Positive adaptation, must demonstrate the achievement of positive adaptation, despite the major assaults on the developmental process. example achievement of a milestone.
- Sufficient protective factors
Factors that enable the child to avoid a recover from adverse or traumatic experience
Family Risk
Family has an important role in providing a healthy environment for children
Poverty and its effects
poverty can produce negative cascading effects from one stage development to another
Poverty can impact parents behaviour towards children, which leads to stress and financial strain, which is seen to diminish parents which then leads to lack of supportive and consistent parenting
Broke home
Single parent household
Single parent home can be a risk factor, this can stem from factors like death or divorce
parental styles and practises
parental styles, parents and child interactions, methods parents use to raise and discipline their children.
Parental practices, methods employed by parents to meet specific goals, they would like their children to achieve example, academic goals, or athletic goals
what are the four types of parental styles?
Authoritarian
Permissive
Authoritative
Neglecting
James Snyder and Gerald Patterson Created two parental styles contribute directly or indirectly to delinquency
Enmeshed style, overly involved, control over the child’s life, This can hinder the development of healthy independence and children
Lax style, relaxed in setting rules, avoid strict discipline, can lead to challenges in establishing necessary, boundaries and structure for the child.
parental monitoring
Supervision by parent of their children’s activities, poor, parental monitoring is a strong risk factor for delinquency. Ex, not knowing their kids whereabouts
Sibling Influences
siblings, play crucial role in development of youth problem behaviours
Adolescence, with high rates of delinquency are more likely to having siblings with high rates delinquency as well
