Chapter 2, Origins Of Criminal Behaviour developmental risk, and protective factors

Question 1

Many criminology theories propose that…

Answer 1

the roots of criminal behaviour appear during childhood or early adolescence

Question 2

each person follows something called

Answer 2

Developmental pathways, meaning changes that people follow that lead to antisocial behavior, a.k.a. the journey of personal development

Question 3

Risk factors

Answer 3

experiences that place children at risk of antisocial or criminal activity

Question 4

protective factors

Answer 4

Experiences that can protect children from serious antisocial behaviour example, caring parents or high-quality education

Question 5

psychological and behavioural risk factors which lead to criminal behaviour

Answer 5

aspects of an individuals, mental and emotional well-being that may contribute to crime

Question 6

parental and family risk factors which lead to criminal behaviour

Answer 6

Conditions within a family environment that may increase likelihood to crime in children

Question 7

social, environmental risk factors which lead to criminal behaviour

Answer 7

Social environment meaning aspects of things around you

Question 8

neural biological and prenatal risk factors which lead to criminal behaviour

Answer 8

Influences of health and development that can affect functions to the brain which can increase likelihood, leading to crime

Question 9

cumulative risk model CR model

Answer 9

exposure to multiple risk factors is most likely to increase the chances that a child adolescent or adult develops antisocial behaviour

Question 10

Psychological/behavioral protective factors

Answer 10

sense of meaning and purpose, healthy levels of self esteem

Question 11

Family protective factors

Answer 11

Close, family relationships, love, warmth, supportive, parenting

Question 12

environmental protective factors

Answer 12

Close relationships with teachers adults and mentors, safe school, clean environment

Question 13

Neurobiological and prenatal protective factors

Answer 13

healthy nutrition, especially during infancy, Brain plasticity (able to adapt, and change throughout life)

Question 14

Developmental, cascade model

Answer 14

similar but slightly more complicated, assumes that development in one domain will shape develop in other domains a.k.a. one problem leads to another

Question 15

Cascade effect

Answer 15

focusses on the development and enhancement of protective factors while it recognizes, there might be an accumulation of risk factors in an individuals life

Question 16

resilience ( successful coping with or overcoming risk and adversity”

Answer 16

three conditions must be met before a child can be called resilient

1. Significant threats, Individual must have been exposed to significant threats, or a single event example death of a parent or sibling
2. Positive adaptation, must demonstrate the achievement of positive adaptation, despite the major assaults on the developmental process. example achievement of a milestone.
3. Sufficient protective factors
   Factors that enable the child to avoid a recover from adverse or traumatic experience

Question 17

Family Risk

Answer 17

Family has an important role in providing a healthy environment for children

Question 18

Poverty and its effects

Answer 18

poverty can produce negative cascading effects from one stage development to another
Poverty can impact parents behaviour towards children, which leads to stress and financial strain, which is seen to diminish parents which then leads to lack of supportive and consistent parenting

Question 19

Broke home
Single parent household

Answer 19

Single parent home can be a risk factor, this can stem from factors like death or divorce

Question 20

parental styles and practises

Answer 20

parental styles, parents and child interactions, methods parents use to raise and discipline their children.

Parental practices, methods employed by parents to meet specific goals, they would like their children to achieve example, academic goals, or athletic goals

Question 21

what are the four types of parental styles?

Answer 21

Authoritarian
Permissive
Authoritative
Neglecting

Question 22

James Snyder and Gerald Patterson Created two parental styles contribute directly or indirectly to delinquency

Answer 22

Enmeshed style, overly involved, control over the child’s life, This can hinder the development of healthy independence and children

Lax style, relaxed in setting rules, avoid strict discipline, can lead to challenges in establishing necessary, boundaries and structure for the child.

Question 23

parental monitoring

Answer 23

Supervision by parent of their children’s activities, poor, parental monitoring is a strong risk factor for delinquency. Ex, not knowing their kids whereabouts

Question 24

Sibling Influences

Answer 24

siblings, play crucial role in development of youth problem behaviours
Adolescence, with high rates of delinquency are more likely to having siblings with high rates delinquency as well

Question 25

Parental Psychopathology

Answer 25

children of parents who are clinically depressed, mental health is presence in their life, when parents experience psychological issues, it can have a significant impact on various aspects of family, life and child development

Question 26

developmental theory

Answer 26

Criminal behaviour evolves over a persons, life influence by various factors, like family peers and personal experiences